Soil Health Analysis, Set. Группа авторов
Cover Design: Wiley
Cover Image: © Joshua Miller, DPH, PhD, Steve Culman, Timothy Clough, Pedro Ferrari Machado, Negar Tafti
Dedication
These books are dedicated to Dr. John W. Doran, a retired USDA‐ARS (Agricultural Research Service) Research Soil Scientist whose profound insight provided international inspiration to strive to understand the capacity of our fragile soil resources to function within ecosystem boundaries, sustain biological productivity, maintain environmental quality, and promote plant and animal health.
Understanding and quantifying soil health is a journey for everyone. Even for John, who early in his career believed soil quality was too abstract to be defined or measured. He initially thought soil quality was simply too dependent on numerous, uncontrollable factors, including land use decisions, ecosystem or environmental interactions, soil and plant management practices, and political or socioeconomic priorities. In the 1990s, John pivoted, stating he now recognized and encouraged the global soil science community to move forward, even though perceptions of what constitutes a good soil vary widely depending on individual priorities with respect to soil function. Continuing, he stated that to manage and maintain our soils in an acceptable state for future generations, soil quality (soil health) must be defined, and the definition must be broad enough to encompass the many facets of soil function.
John had profound impact on our careers and many others around the World. Through his patient, personal guidance he challenged everyone to examine soil biological, chemical, and physical properties, processes, and interactions to understand and quantify soil health. For Diane, this included crop residue and soil enzyme investigations, and for Maysoon, interactions between soil physical and biological processes mediated by water‐filled pore space. Recognizing my knowledge of soil testing and plant analysis on Midwestern soils, as well as root‐limiting, eluviated horizons and soil compaction in Southeastern U.S. soils, John encouraged me to develop a strategy to evaluate and combine the biological, chemical, and physical indicators that have become pillars for soil quality/health assessment. The Soil Management Assessment Framework (SMAF) was the first generation outcome of this challenge.
Throughout his life, John endeavored to involve all Earth's people, no matter their material wealth or status, in translating their lifestyles to practices that strengthen social equity and care for the earth we call home. Through development of the “soil quality test kit” John fostered transformation of soil quality into soil health by taking his science to farmers, ranchers, and other land managers. These two volumes have been prepared with that audience in mind to reflect the progress made during the past 25 years. Special thanks are also extended to John’s life mate Janet, daughter Karin, son‐in‐law Michael, grandchildren Drew and Fayth, and all of his friends for their encouragement, patience and support as he continues his search for the “holy grail” of soil health. Without John’s inspiration and dedication, who knows if science and concern for our fragile soil resources would have evolved as it has.
Thank you, John – you are an inspiration to all of us!
Foreword
Soil science receives increasing attention by the international policy arena and publication of this comprehensive “Soil Health” book by the Soil Science Society of America (SSSA) and Wiley International is therefore most welcome at this point in time. Striving for consensus on methods to assess soil health is important in positioning soil science in a societal and political discourse that, currently, only a few other scientific disciplines are deeply engaged in. Specifically, increasing the focus on sustainable development provides a suitable “point on the horizon” that provides a much needed focus for a wide range of activities. Sustainable development has long been a likeable, but still rather abstract concept. The United Nations General Assembly acceptance of seventeen Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by 193 Governments in 2015 changed the status of sustainable development by not only specifying the goals but also defining targets, indicators, and seeking commitments to reach those goals by 2030 (https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment‐goals). In Europe, the Green Deal, accepted in 2019, has targets and indicators corresponding to those of the SDGs (https://ec.europa.eu/info/strategy/european‐green‐dealsoil).
So far, soil scientists have not been actively engaged in defining SDG targets, which is unfortunate considering soil functions contribute significantly to ecosystem services that, in turn, contribute to the SDGs. The connections are all too obvious for soil scientists, but not necessarily so for scientists in other disciplines, politicians, or the public at large. For example, adequate production of food (SDG2) is impossible without healthy soil. Ground‐ and surface‐water quality (SDG6) are strongly influenced by the purifying and infiltrative capacities of soils. Carbon capture through increases in soil organic carbon (SOC) is a major mechanism contributing to the mitigation of an increasingly variable climate (SDG13) and living soils as an integral part of living landscapes are a dominant source of biodiversity (SDG15) (Bouma, 2014; Bouma et al., 2019). With complete certainty, we can show that healthy soils make better and more effective contributions to ecosystem services than unhealthy ones! This also applies when considering the recently introduced Soil Security concept, which articulates the 5 C’s: soil capability, condition, capital, connectivity, and codification (Field et al., 2017). A given soil condition can be expressed in terms of soil health, whereas soil capability defines potential conditions, to be achieved by innovative soil management, thus increasing soil health to a characteristically attainable level for that particular soil. Healthy soils are a capital asset for land users; connectivity emphasizes interactions among land users, citizens, and politicians that are obviously important, especially when advocating measures to increase soil health that may initially lack societal support. Finally, codification is important because future land use rules and regulations could benefit by being based on quantitative soil health criteria, thus allowing a reproducible comparison between different soils.
These volumes provide an inspiring source of information to further evaluate the soil health concept, derive quantitative procedures that will allow more effective interaction among land users, and information needed to introduce soil science into laws and regulations. The introductory chapters of Volume 1 present a lucid and highly informative overview of the evolution of the soil health movement. Other chapters discuss data needs and show that modern monitoring and sensing techniques can result in a paradigm shift by removing the traditional data barriers. Specifically, these new methods can provide large amounts of data at relatively low cost. The valuable observation is made that systems focusing only on topsoils cannot adequately represent soil behavior in space and time. Subsoil properties, expressed in soil classification, have significant and very important effects on many soil functions. Numerous physical, chemical and biological methods are reviewed in Volume 2. Six chapters deal with soil biological methods, correctly reflecting the need to move beyond the traditional emphasis on physical and chemical assessment methods. After all, soils are very much alive!
The book Soil Health nicely illustrates the “roots” of the soil health concept within the soil science profession. It also indicates the way soil health can provide “wings” to the profession as a creative and innovative partner in future environmental research and innovation.
Johan BoumaEmmeritus Professor of Soil ScienceWageningen UniversityThe Netherlands
References