Photovoltaic Manufacturing. Группа авторов

Photovoltaic Manufacturing - Группа авторов


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       Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

      ISBN 978-1-119-24189-8

      Cover image: Top figures: RENA Technologies GmbH – BatchTex machine for solar wafer texturing Bottom row left: Technological Institute of Microelectronics (TiM), University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, Spain

      Bottom row right: Fraunhofer Institute for Microstructure of Materials and Systems IMWS, Research Unit Center for Silicon Photovoltaics CSP, Halle (Saale), Germany

      Cover design by Russell Richardson

      Set in size of 11pt and Minion Pro by Manila Typesetting Company, Makati, Philippines

      Printed in the USA

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      Preface

      The same is true for the record PV module efficiencies depicted in Figure 2. The efficiencies demonstrated with small-scale modules in the year 2000 increases with some module technologies doubling or even tripling their module record efficiencies within a decade and less. This is especially remarkable as some the technologies were scaled up to large module productions. Again, more than 40% of today’s module technologies depicted in Figure 2 were not evolved at module or even research scale just 20 years ago.

      The global solar module production reached the Gigawatt range soon after 2000 and ramped up to 165 GW in 2020 [3].

      The use of PV technology has changed from test and research sites and fist operational installations to being an essential part of national energy strategies worldwide. In many regions, PV is part of the landscape in both rural and urban areas. The levelized cost of energy (LCOE) is a common measure to compare the average net cost of different electric energy production technologies over their lifetime. The LCOE of PV per MWh has taken a breathtaking journey from about 400 USD/W in 2010 to 50 USD/MWh and lower globally with some projects reaching values as low as 23 USD/MWh [4, 5]. This trend is expected to continue with a predicted LCOE of 20 USD/MWh for 2030.

Schematic illustration of a graph depicting the best research-cell efficiencies. Schematic illustration of a graph depicting the champion module efficiencies.

      The processing of PV today follows well-established standards, but as anyone involved knows, the detailed result will be highly dependent on the local machines and processing steps. Any difference in the settings might make a critical difference in the PV product performance and might distinguish the market leader from its competitors. This book introduces the readers to the theory and practical aspects of solar processing.

      Metal-assisted chemical etching (MacEtch) for black silicon (b-Si) is expected to be the leading solar manufacturing technology in the future. Chapter 1 introduces this micro-/nanofabrication approach as one of the most promising prospects to further reduce the costs of photovoltaic devices while increasing their efficiency. The origin of MacEtch and the underlying mechanism are explained with a special focus on b-Si. The history, the state of the art, and an outlook toward the large-scale deployment in silicon photovoltaic industry are given.

      Chapter 2 introduces the reader to alkaline texturing for the reduction of optical losses in monocrystalline silicon solar cells. The underlying process and the most important factors, parameters, and issues are explained. In addition, the texturing process is located in the whole manufacturing process of the solar cell, highlighting the importance of the previous steps for a high-quality result.

      Chapter 3 provides a detailed introduction to advanced texturing with metal-assisted chemical etching in silicon solar wafers in general. The underlying electrochemical mechanisms are explained. Common methods, typical process steps, and structure characteristics obtained by metal-assisted chemical etching methods are introduced. Examples of the characteristics of topography and anti-reflection of the structures obtained using different metal catalysts and different etchant ratio are discussed.

      Reliable quality control, reproducibility, and the development of


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