The Orthodontic Mini-implant Clinical Handbook. Richard Cousley
J. Orthod. Dentofac. Orthop. 141: 547–555.
35 35 Brisceno, C.E., Rossouw, P.E., Carrillo, R. et al. (2009). Healing of the roots and surrounding structures after intentional damage with miniscrew implants. Am. J. Orthod. Dentofac. Orthop. 135: 292–301.
36 36 Chen, Y., Chang, H., Chen, Y. et al. (2008). Root contact during insertion of miniscrews for orthodontic anchorage increases the failure rate: an animal study. Clin. Oral Implants Res. 19: 99–106.
37 37 Hembree, M., Buschang, P.H., Carrillo, R. et al. (2009). Effects of intentional damage of the roots and surrounding structures with miniscrew implants. Am. J. Orthod. Dentofac. Orthop. 135: 280e1–280e9.
38 38 Kadioglu, O., Buyukyilmaz, T., Zachrisson, B.U., and Maino, B.G. (2008). Contact damage to root surfaces of premolars touching miniscrews during orthodontic treatment. Am. J. Orthod. Dentofac. Orthop. 134: 353–360.
39 39 Lee, Y., Kim, J., Baek, S. et al. (2010). Root and bone response to the proximity of a mini‐implant under orthodontic loading. Angle Orthod. 80: 452–458.
40 40 Maino, B.G., Weiland, F., Attanasi, A. et al. (2007). Root damage and repair after contact with miniscrews. J. Clin. Orthod. 41: 762–766.
41 41 Renjen, R., Maganzini, A.L., Rohrer, M.D. et al. (2009). Root and pulp response after intentional injury from miniscrew placement. Am. J. Orthod. Dentofac. Orthop. 136: 708–714.
42 42 Ghanbarzadeh, M., Heravi, F., Abrishamchi, R. et al. (2017). Cementum and dentin repair following root damage caused by the insertion of self‐tapping and self‐drilling miniscrews. J. Orthod. Sci. 6: 91–96.
43 43 Motoyoshi, M., Uchida, Y., Inaba, M. et al. (2016). Are assessments of damping capacity and placement torque useful in estimating root proximity of orthodontic anchor screws? Am. J. Orthod. Dentofac. Orthop. 150: 124–129.
44 44 Albogha, M.H. and Takahashi, I. (2019). Effect of loaded orthodontic miniscrew implant on compressive stresses in adjacent periodontal ligament. Angle Orthod. 89: 235–241.
45 45 Oh, H., Cha, J., Yu, H., and Hwang, C. (2018). Histomorphometric evaluation of the bone surrounding orthodontic miniscrews according to their adjacent root proximity. Korean J. Orthod. 48: 283–291.
46 46 Asscherickx, K., Vande Vannet, B., Wehrbein, H., and Sabzevar, M.M. (2008). Success rate of miniscrews relative to their position to adjacent roots. Eur. J. Orthod. 30: 330–335.
47 47 Dao, V., Renjen, R., Prasad, H.S. et al. (2009). Cementum, pulp, periodontal ligament, and bone response after direct injury with orthodontic anchorage screws: a histomorphologic study in an animal model. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg. 67: 2440–2445.
48 48 Iwai, H., Motoyoshi, M., Uchida, Y. et al. (2015). Effects of tooth root contact on the stability of orthodontic anchor screws in the maxilla: comparison between self‐drilling and self‐tapping methods. Am. J. Orthod. Dentofac. Orthop. 147: 483–491.
49 49 Kang, Y.G., Kim, J.Y., Lee, Y.J. et al. (2008). Stability of miniscrews invading the dental roots and their impact on the paradental tissues in beagles. Angle Orthod. 79: 248–255.
50 50 Motoyoshi, M., Uemura, M., Ono, A. et al. (2010). Factors affecting the long‐term stability of orthodontic mini‐implants. Am. J. Orthod. Dentofac. Orthop. 137: 588.
51 51 Motoyoshi, M., Sanuki‐Suzuki, R., Uchida, Y. et al. (2015). Maxillary sinus perforation by orthodontic anchor screws. J. Oral Sci. 57: 95–100.
52 52 Jia, X., Chen, X., and Huang, X. (2018). Influence of orthodontic mini‐implant penetration of the maxillary sinus in the infrazygomatic crest region. Am. J. Orthod. Dentofac. Orthop. 153: 656–661.
53 53 Smith, A., Hosein, Y.K., Dunning, C.E., and Tassid, A. (2015). Fracture resistance of commonly used self‐drilling orthodontic mini‐implants. Angle Orthod. 85: 26–32.
54 54 Assad‐Loss, T.F., Kitahara‐Céia, F.M.F., Silveira, G.S. et al. (2017). Fracture strength of orthodontic mini‐implants. Dental Press J. Orthod. 22: 47–54.
55 55 Chen, C.H., Chang, C.S., Hsieh, C.H., and Tseng, Y.C. (2006). The use of microimplants in orthodontic anchorage. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg. 64: 1209–1213.
56 56 Park, H., Jeong, S., and Kwon, O. (2006). Factors affecting the clinical success of screw implants used as orthodontic anchorage. Am. J. Orthod. Dentofac. Orthop. 130: 18–25.
57 57 Lee, T.C.K., McGrath, C.P.J., Wong, R.W.K., and Rabie, A.B.M. (2008). Patients' perceptions regarding microimplant as anchorage in orthodontics. Angle Orthod. 78: 228–233.
58 58 Lehnen, S., McDonald, F., Bourauel, C., and Baxmann, M. (2011). Patient expectations, acceptance and preferences in treatment with orthodontic mini‐implants. A randomly controlled study. Part I: Insertion techniques. J. Orofac. Orthop. 72: 93–102.
59 59 Kuroda, S., Sugawara, Y., Deguchi, T. et al. (2007). Clinical use of miniscrew implants as orthodontic anchorage: success rates and postoperative discomfort. Am. J. Orthod. Dentofac. Orthop. 131: 9–15.
60 60 Ganzer, N., Feldmann, I., and Bondemark, L. (2016). Pain and discomfort following insertion of miniscrews and premolar extractions: a randomized controlled trial. Angle Orthod. 86: 891–899.
61 61 Lehnen, S., McDonald, F., Bourauel, C. et al. (2011). Expectations, acceptance and preferences of patients in treatment with orthodontic mini‐implants. Part II: Implant removal. J. Orofac. Orthop. 72: 214–222.
62 62 De Freitas, A.O.A., Alviano, C.S., and Alviano, D.S. (2012). Microbial colonization in orthodontic mini‐implants. Braz. Dent. J. 23: 422–427.
63 63 Tortamano, A., Dominguez, G.C., Haddad, A.C.S.S. et al. (2012). Periodontopathogens around the surface of mini‐implants removed from orthodontic patients. Angle Orthod. 82: 591–595.
64 64 Alves, C.B.C., Segurado, M.N., Dorta, M.C.L. et al. (2016). Evaluation of cytotoxicity and corrosion resistance of orthodontic mini‐implants. Dental Press J. Orthod. 21: 39–46.
65 65 Andrucioli, M.C.D., Matsumoto, M.A.N., Saraiva, M.C.P. et al. (2018). Successful and failed mini‐implants: microbiological evaluation and quantification of bacterial endotoxin. J. Appl. Oral Sci. 26: e20170631.
66 66 Alves, M., Baratieri, C., and Nojima, L.I. (2011). Assessment of mini‐implant displacement using cone beam computed tomography. Clin. Oral Implants Res. 22: 1151–1156.
67 67 El‐Beialy, A.R., Abu‐El‐Ezz, A.A., Attia, K.H. et al. (2009). Loss of anchorage of miniscrews: a 3‐dimensional assessment. Am. J. Orthod. Dentofac. Orthop. 136: 700–707.
68 68 Liou, E.J.W., Pai, B.C.J., and Lin, J.C.Y. (2004). Do miniscrews remain stationary under orthodontic forces? Am. J. Orthod. Dentofac. Orthop. 126: 42–47.
69 69 Liu, H., Ly, T., Wang, N. et al. (2011). Drift characteristics of miniscrews and molars for anchorage under orthodontic force: 3‐dimensional computed tomography registration evaluation. Am. J. Orthod. Dentofac. Orthop. 139: e83–e89.
70 70 Wang, Y. and Liou, E.J.W. (2008). Comparison of the loading behaviour of self‐drilling and predrilled miniscrews throughout orthodontic loading. Am. J. Orthod. Dentofac. Orthop. 133: 38–43.
2 Maximising Mini‐implant Success: Patient (Anatomical) Factors
The influences on mini‐implant success rates are generally subdivided into three categories: patient, mini‐implant (design), and technique factors. These will be discussed accordingly in this book, beginning with patient factors in this chapter.
Patient factors may be subdivided as:
macro – somatic and general patient factors
mini – insertion site anatomy
micro – bone characteristics.
There is now a consensus in the literature that mini‐implant success tends to be unaffected by patient gender, anteroposterior (Class I, II, or III) skeletal relationship,