The History of Texas. Robert A. Calvert
it was with debt and commitments to missionary work, could hardly have acted as an arm of the state.
The atmosphere in colonial Texas, therefore, encouraged informal community building. Tejanos sought their own economic ends by selecting the most convenient and profitable markets for their livestock; this meant turning to Louisiana and even to the United States to engage in contraband trade. The ayuntamiento at times acted as a legitimizing agent when local necessities clashed with imperial dictates. Such adjustments to circumstances at hand permitted Tejanos to survive quite well as a community after the end of Spain’s presence in their land.
The Far North also produced traits of ruggedness that traversed cultures and nationhoods. Spaniards in the hinterlands carried the task of establishing roots and the responsibility of perpetuating their civilization hundreds of miles from previous settlements. On the range, settlers had to perfect their skills in handling horses to exact a livelihood from a predominantly ranching culture. The “Norteño” variety of Mexican culture, some historians hypothesize, resulted from these experiences. The north fostered egalitarianism, the will to work, an implied strength and prowess, as well as determination and courage in the face of danger.
At the end of its war for independence, which ended in 1821, New Spain effectively preserved traditions with origins in the Iberian Peninsula, which Tejanos transmitted past 1821. Some customs applied to the ranching economic order. Spanish‐Mexican terminology, riding gear, and methods of working the range became etched into Anglo American culture. Among familiar ranch terms are “buckaroo” from vaquero, “cinch” from cincha, “chaps” from chaparejos, “hoosegow” from juzgado, and “lasso” from lazo. The rodeo, a semiannual roundup of livestock to determine the ownership of free‐ranging animals, evolved into a highly competitive sport in the Anglo period (Figure 2.7).
Also perpetuated were legal practices that had derived from Spanish precedent. Iberian laws, revised for application to frontier situations, allowed outsiders to become part of a family unit. Long‐standing rules applicable to community property also lingered: couples shared jointly any assets they had accumulated while married; a woman could keep half of all financial gains the couple earned; and a husband could not dispose of the family’s holdings without his wife’s consent. Women also retained the right to negotiate contracts and manage their own financial affairs.
Furthermore, the Spanish tradition protecting debtors prevailed. Over the centuries, neither field animals nor agricultural implements could be confiscated by creditors, and in the subsequent era, this safeguard applied to a debtor’s home, work equipment, and animals, and even his or her land.
The legacy of Spain to the Texas experience thus makes for an extensive list that runs the gamut from the esoteric, such as legal influences concerning water laws, to the prosaic. Among the latter are contributions to a bilingual society in various sections of the modern State of Texas, Spanish loan words (for example, mesquite and arroyo), delectable Spanish‐Mexican foods, styles of dress, geographical nomenclature (every major river in Texas bears a Spanish name, for example), and architecture. Empires might wane, but their cultures endure.
Figure 2.7 Corrida de la Sandía (Watermelon Race) by Theodore Gentilz. Part of the Celebration of the Día de San Juan.
Source: Yanaguana Society Collection, Daughters of the Republic of Texas Library.
Although Spain’s rule over Texas left a lasting imprint on the outpost, few Tejanos mourned its replacement in 1821 by an independent Mexico. Communities had valued their relative autonomy on the hinterland, but they had wanted better administration and military protection. Simultaneously, Tejanos resented the bureaucratic restrictions they believed discouraged profit making in ranching, farming, and other forms of commerce. Spain had not convinced many people to relocate into the wilderness region; a hard enough task given the fact that frontiers hold out few migrational pull factors, nor did sufficient population pressures exist in the interior to push Mexicans northward. Yet some Tejanos saw the solution to their myriad problems–among them Indian depredations and economic underdevelopment–in the arrival of new settlers, in the spread of urban settlements, and in the growth of the pastoral industries. Thus, although Spain retained sovereignty over Texas for 300 years and Hispanic culture endured there well past 1821, Spain had left a community of people still groping to devise their own survival strategies, political and otherwise. Therefore, in the era of Mexican rule in Texas, 1821–36, the pobladores would continue to pursue political solutions more appropriate to their local conditions and less relevant to the political aims of their national government.
Readings
Books and dissertations
1 Almaráz, Félix D. Tragic Cavalier: Governor Manuel Salcedo of Texas, 1808–1813. College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 1992.
2 Anderson, Gary Clayton. The Indian Southwest, 1580–1830: Ethnogenesis and Reinvention. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1999.
3 Bannon, John Francis. The Spanish Borderlands Frontier, 1513–1821. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1970.
4 Barr, Juliana. Peace Came in the Form of a Woman: Indians and Spaniards in the Texas Borderlands. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2007.
5 Bolton, Herbert E. Texas in the Middle Eighteenth Century. 1915. Reprint, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1977.
6 Castañeda, Carlos E. Our Catholic Heritage in Texas, 1519–1936, 7 vols. Austin: Von Boeckmann‐Jones Co., 1936–1958.
7 Chipman, Donald E. Spanish Texas, 1519–1821. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1992.
8 ———, and Harriett Denise Joseph. Notable Men and Women of Spanish Texas. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1999.
9 Coronado, Raul. A World Not to Come: A History of Latino Writing and Print Culture. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2013.
10 de la Teja, Jesús F. San Antonio de Béxar: A Community in New Spain’s Northern Frontier. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1995.
11 Faulk, Odie B. A Successful Failure. Austin: Steck‐Vaughn Co., 1965.
12 Folsom, Bradley. Arredondo: Last Spanish Ruler of Texas and Northeastern New Spain. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2017.
13 Hämäläinen, Pekka. The Comanche Empire. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2008.
14 Hickerson, Nancy Parrott. The Jumanos: Hunters and Traders of the South Plains. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1994.
15 Hinojosa, Gilberto M. A Borderlands Town in Transition: Laredo, 1755–1870. College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 1983.
16 Jackson, Jack. Los Mesteños: Spanish Ranching in Texas, 1721–1821. College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 1986.
17 John, Elizabeth. Storms Brewed in Other Men’s Worlds: The Confrontation of Indians, Spanish, and French in the Southwest, 1540–1795. College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 1975.
18 Jones, Oakah L. Los Paisanos: Spanish Settlers on the Northern Frontier of New Spain. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1979.
19 La Vere, David. The Caddo Chiefdoms: Caddo Economics and Politics, 1700–1835. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1998.
20 ———. The Texas Indians. College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 2004.
21 MacLachlan, Colin M., and Jaime E. Rodríguez‐O. The Forging of the Cosmic Race: A Reinterpretation of Colonial Mexico. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1980.
22 McReynolds,