A Manual of the Malay language. Sir William Edward Maxwell

A Manual of the Malay language - Sir William Edward Maxwell


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(to lick), lîdha (licked)J. lidah; Bat. dila; Mak. and Bu. lila; D. jela; Tag. and Bis. dila.Pulsenâdînâḍî (artery, vein, intestine)Shoulderbâhûbâhu (the arm)J. bahu; S. and D. baha.Hair of the bodyrômaromanFootpâdapâdaKw. pada.

      Time and its division and measurement have supplied a number of Sanskrit terms to the Malay language, most of which are so necessary in everyday life that it is difficult to conceive the poverty of a dialect which contained no words to express them. The following list contains the greater number of them:—

English.Malay.Sanskrit.Other Languages.
Timekâla, kâlikâlaJ. and S. kala.
Whentatkâlatad (this) kâla
Time, periodkatikaghatikâ (a division of time)Bat. katika; D. katika.
Time, period, hourdewâsadivasa (a day)J. diwasa, adult; Mak. rewusa.
Just nowtâdîtad (this, that)S. tadi.
Dayhârîhari (the sun)J. and B. hari.
DaydînadinaJ. dina.
Dawndînahârîfrom dina and hari
Evening, sunsetsenja, or senja- kalasaṃdhyâ (twilight)Bat. sonja; J. chandik-kala, evg. twilight.
AlwayssantîasanityaçasJ. nityasa.
Old, formersadîa
Former timesadîa-kâlasâdhya (from sâdh, to finish, accomplish)
Continuallysada-kâlasâda (perishing)
Time (when)bîlavelâ
Time, season, periodmâsamâsa (month)J. and S. mangsa; Tag. masa.

      Another group of Sanskrit words found in Malay is that comprising articles of commerce, weights and measures, &c. Their presence suffices without other evidence to show that for their knowledge of the commercial value of many products the East Indian islanders were indebted to traders from Hindustan, who, indeed, probably introduced not only the names of, but the use of, their weights and measures. Buah pala, the Malay phrase for the “nutmeg,” is in strictness a pleonasm, for phala signifies “fruit” in Sanskrit, as buah does in Malay.

      TERMS OF COMMERCE.

English.Malay.Sanskrit.Other Languages.
Nutmegpâlaphala (fruit)J. and S. pala.
Clovelawanglavaṃga
Eagle-woodgăhârûaguruJ., S., and Mak. garu; D. garo, perfume.
Camphorkâpur, kâpur bâruskarpûraJ., S., and D. kapur-barus; Mak. kaporo barusu
SandalwoodchandânachandanaJ. and S. chendana; Tag. and Bis. sandana
MuskkastûrîkastûrîJ. and S. kasturi; Mak. kasaturi; Tag, and Bis. kastoli.
CharcoalârangaṅgâraJ. and S. areng; S. arang; Bat. agong; D. aring; Tag. and Bis. oling.
Sugargûlaguḍa (molasses)J., S., and D. gula; Mak. golla.
Saltpetresandâwasaindhava (rocksalt)J. sendawa; S. chindawa.
Silksûtrasûtra (thread, fibre)J. and S. sutra; Bat. suntora; Mak; and Bu. sutara; Tag. sutla.
CottonkâpaskarpâsaJ., S., and D. kapas Bat. hapas; Mak. kapasa; Bis. gapas.
Gunny-baggônîgoṇiS. goné
PricehargaarghaS. and Bat. harga; J. and D. rega; Mak. angga; Tag. and Bis. halaga.
ProfitlâbalâbhaKw., Bat., Mak., and D. laba; Tag. and Bis. laba, increase, usury.
Scales for weighingnarâchanârâchî (a gold smith’s scales)Kw. naracha; J. and S. traju
A bhar (native weight = 3 pikuls)băhârabhâra (a load, a weight)Kw. and Mak. bara 100 millions: Bis. bala, to load on the back.
A cubithastahastaJ. and S. asta.
A number, figureângkaaṅka (a mark, a cipher)J. ongka; S., Mak., Bu., and D. angka.
Ten thousandlaksalaksha (100,000)J. leksa; S., D., Tag. and Bis. laksa; Bat. loksa; Mak., lassa.
A millionjûtaayuta (10,000)J. and S. yuta.

      Many of the metals and most of the precious stones are known to the Malays by their Sanskrit names, even those which are found in Malay countries.

English.Malay.Sanskrit.Other Languages.
Goldâmas, masmas (to mete, to measure)J. emas; S. mas; Bat. omas; D. amas; Tag. and Bis. amas, gold, weight.
GoldkanchânakânchanaKw. and S. kanchana.
CoppertambâgatâmraJ. tembaga; S. tambaga; Bat. tombaga; Mak. tambaga; Tag. and Bis. tumbaga.
TintîmahtîvraJ., S., and D. timah; Bat. simbora; Mak. timbera; Tag. and Bis. tingga.
QuicksilverrâsarasaJ., S., Mak., and D. rasa.
Pinchbecksuwâsasuvarchasa (brilliant)J., S., Bat., and Mak. suwasa.
GlasskâchakâchaJ., S., Mak., and Bu. kacha; D. kacha; and kasa; Tag. kasa, blue and green stone.
Micaâbrak19abhra (amber, talc)
Crystalgolegagolaka (globule)
Jewel, precious stonemânîmaṇiJ. mani.
Do.mânikammaṇikaKw. and S. manikem; Mak. manikang.
Do.kamâlakamala (lotus)Kw. kuma‘a; Bat. humala, snake-stone.
Sapphirenîlam (nîla, blue)nîla (blue)J. and S. nila; Mak. nyila, blue.
Opalbidûrividûra (a mountain which produces lapis lazuli)
Rubydalîmadâlima (pomegranate)
Jewel, brilliantmustîkamushtika (goldsmith)
Topazepusparâgampushparâga
Pearlmutia, mutiaramuktâ
Jewel, precious stonepermâtaparamata (excellence)Kw. pramati, a very beautiful object.
Jewels of five kindspanchalôgampanchaloha (five metals)

      The implements, utensils, instruments, &c., the names of which, if not the things themselves, the Malay races have borrowed from their Indian conquerors and rulers, are as follows:—

English.Malay.Sanskrit.Other Languages.
A lockkunchîkunchikâ (a key)J., S., and D. kunchi; Bat. hunsi; Mak. konchi.
A bellgantaghaṇṭâJ. and S. genta; Bat. gonta; D. ganta; Mak. garaganta.
A water vesselkindîkuṇḍîJ. and S. kendi.
A netjâlajâlaJ., S., Bat., Mak., and D. jala.
A boxpetîpeṭî (basket, bag)S. peti; Mak. patti; D. pati.
Name of a swordchorakshura (a razor)
A ploughtanggâlahalaBat. tinggala; Mak. nangkala.
Chesschâturchatur (four)J. and S. chatur.
Dicejûdîdyûta (game at dice)J. judi; Bat. juji.
A sawgargâjîkrakachaJ.
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