Eleven samples were analyzed and residues of DEP, DIBP, DBP, and DEHP were found at levels from 0.052 to 1.72 μg/L
PDMS-DVB fiber showed higher extraction efficiency than PDMS and DVB-CAR-PDMS fibers
[21]
DPP, DBP, DIBP, and DNPP
Mineral and tap water (10 mL)
SPME using a MWCNTs-PPy fiber, stirring at room temperature in DI mode for 60 min, and desorption at 250°C for 25 min
GC-FID
0.17–0.33 μg/L
90–113% at 5 and 50 μg/L
Three mineral water samples and 1 tap water were analyzed and contained at least 1 PAE at levels from 0.6 to 7.90 μg/L, except 1 of the mineral water samples
-
[40]
DMP, DEP, DBP, DAP, and DNOP
Mineral, tap and reservoir waters (12 mL plus 10% w/v NaCl)
SPME using a MIP fiber, stirring at 60°C in DI mode for 30 min, and desorption at 250°C for 10 min
GC-MS
0.0072–0.069 μg/L
94.54–105.34%
One sample of each water were analyzed and contained at least 2 PAEs at levels from 0.07 to 0.53 μg/L
DBP was used as the template molecule. MIP fiber showed higher extraction efficiency than a non-imprinted polymer fiber, and PDMS, PA and CW-DVB fibers
[45]
DMP, DEP, DBP, BBP, DEHP, DINP, and DNOP
Water (5 mL plus 6% w/v NaCl)
SPME using a PA fiber, stirring at room temperature in DI mode for 50 min, and desorption at 270°C for 2 min
GC-MS
0.007–0.027 μg/L
-
Six samples were analyzed and contained at least 2 PAEs at levels from 0.4 to 78.8 μg/L
PA fiber showed higher extraction efficiency than PDMS fiber. Urine was also analyzed
SPME using a bamboo charcoal fiber, stirring at room temperature in DI mode for 20 min, and desorption at 280°C for 10 min
GC-MS
0.013–0.067 μg/L
61.9–87.1% at 0.1, 0.5, and 1 μg/L
One sample of each water were analyzed and no residues were detected
Bamboo charcoal fiber showed greater extraction efficiency than PDMS, PDMS-DVB and PA fibers for DNOP and DINP, but lower for DIBP, DBP, and DNPP
[47]
DBP, DIBP, BBP, and DEHP
Mineral water (9 mL plus 20% w/v NaCl)
SPME using a TiO2 NPs fiber, stirring at 30°C in DI mode for 75 min, and desorption at 285°C for 5 min
GC-FID, GC-MS
0.17–0.40 μg/L
86–107% at 2μg/L
One sample was analyzed and residues of DIBP and DEHP were found at 1.0 and 2.2 μg/L, respectively
TiO2 NPs fiber showed better extraction efficiency than PDMS and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-TiO2 fibers. DI-SPME provided better sensitivity than HS mode
[39]
DMP, DEP, DBP, and DEHP
Mineral, river and tap waters (15 mL)
SPME using a SiO2-PDMS-MWCNTs fiber, stirring at 40°C in DI mode for 30 min, and desorption at 280°C for 2 min
GC-FID
0.033–0.067 μg/L
79.62–109.3% at 10 μg/L
One sample of each water were analyzed and residues of DBP and DEHP were found at 5.26 and 8.47 μg/L, respectively, in the mineral water sample
SiO2-PDMS-MWCNTs fiber showed better extraction efficiency than PDMS, PA and DVB-CAR-PDMS fibers
[43]
DPP, DIBP, DBP, DNPP, BBP, and DEHP
Mineral and tap waters (10 mL)
SPME using a poly-o-aminophenol-MWCNTs fiber, stirring at 35°C in DI mode for 60 min, and desorption at 280°C for 2 min
GC-FID
0.10–0.25 μg/L
91–115% at 5 and 50 μg/L
Three mineral water samples and 1 tap water sample were analyzed and contained at least 2 PAEs at levels from 0.3 ± 0.02 to 8.1 ± 0.19 μg/L, except for 1 mineral water sample
NaCl and dextrose injection solutions were also analyzed
[42]
DBP, BBP, DEHA, DEHP, and DNOP
Tap, barreled drinking and pond waters (10 mL plus 15% w/v NaCl)
SPME using a PS-MWCNTs fiber, stirring at room temperature in DI mode for 60 min, and desorption at 280°C for 5 min
GC-MS/MS
0.0038-0.059 μg/L
73.4-103.8% at 0.05 and 0.2 μg/L
One sample of each water were analyzed and contained at least 1 PAE at levels from 0.038 ± 0.004 to 0.060 ± 0.007 μg/L
A Box-Behnken design was used for optimization purposes
[41]
DPP, DBP, DEHA, and DEHP
Mineral, tanked and tap waters, and boiling water exposed to a PET container (10 mL plus 30% w/v NaCl)
SPME using a G-PVC fiber, stirring at 70°C in HS mode for 35 min, and desorption at 230°C for 4 min
GC-FID
0.2–0.3 μg/L
88–108% at 10 and 20 μg/L
One sample of each water were analyzed and residues of DPP and DBP were found at 2.1 and 1.8 μg/L, respectively, only in the boiling water exposed to a PET container
A central composite design was used for optimization purposes. Sunflower and olive oils were also analyzed
