Electronics in Advanced Research Industries. Alessandro Massaro

Electronics in Advanced Research Industries - Alessandro Massaro


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elements unified.

       Different agglomerated contaminant materials (inhomogeneous geometry characterized by different volumes).

       Misalignment between tire and wheel.

       Others.

      All these features are classified by particular image features extracted by image processing algorithms. Concerning the welding control of a large metallic surface as for tank production, IRT provides more information about weld homogeneity. Other algorithms, such as the K‐means clustering algorithm, are applied in order to enhance for example leakages [13], or in general for radiometric defect detection in photovoltaic systems [48].

      1.2.4 Production Process Mapping

       The Plan concerning the occurring variations.

       The actions to Do and to be controlled.

       The Check of the executions by validating expected results.

       The Act involving all the activities about the process, the standardization and stability, and improving the existing procedure.

      The XmR chart, through the upper and lower control limits, provides the limits of an industrial production process mapping at the same time production results. As a further diagram to adopt for process mapping, a fishbone diagram (Ishikawa diagram) is a cause‐and‐effect approach able to track imperfections, variations, defects, or failures. This diagram is structured as a fish's skeleton with the problem at its head and the causes for the problem following the fish bones. In order to also predict defects or production failures, big data systems facilitate the analysis of the historical data. Big data systems implement NoSQL technology based on the following main categories:

       key‐value distributed

       document oriented

       column oriented

       graph oriented

      However, some NoSQL DBMSs may have features that belong to more than one of these categories. Some common big data systems are Cassandra, MongoDB, and Hbase.

      1.2.5 Technologies of Industry 4.0 and Industry 5.0: Interconnection and Main Limits

Schematic illustration of interoperability of different technologies involved in Industry 4.0 and Industry 5.0 environments.

      The technologies of Figure 1.8 are interconnected in information by exchanging data with different software tools. The components of an innovative information system are divided into two main categories:

       Transactional applications: systems and procedures supporting IT and enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems.

       Decision support system (DSS): systems and procedures supporting strategic decisions and production processes management by data mining.

      The ERP systems are developed for finance, logistics and in general for supply chain management. Subsequently ERP systems evolved into material requirements planning (MRP) tools implementing Business Process Re‐engineering (BPR) logics. The peculiarities of ERP systems are:

       integrated solutions

       functional modules

       information centralization

       real‐time availability

       fixed functional schemes (standard models)

       customer customizations

       financial compliance

      The implementation phases of ERP systems are summarized by the following steps:

       Software selection.

       formulation of the business process modeling (BPM).

       mapping of existing processes (“AS IS” mapping).

       definition of a new implementation scenario concerning future production processes (“TO BE” mapping).

       BPR process redesign.

       Production gap analysis (detailed list of missing production features).

       Formalization of formal documents for the validation of new processes.

       System parameterization.

       Prototype creation.

       Testing of the whole information systems.

      The main ERP functions are:

       management control

       management of purchases and receptions

       sales and distribution management

       warehouse and logistics management

       project management

       production, orders, and account processing

       human resources management

Schematic illustration of information system interconnecting enabling technologies.

      The bus system is a set of internal connections for the transmission and exchange of signals, supply voltage, and ground potentials. The exchange of signals between the microprocessor and the input and output interfaces therefore takes place via the bus


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