VCSEL Industry. Babu Dayal Padullaparthi
of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives or written sales materials. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a professional where appropriate. Neither the publisher nor author shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages.
For general information on our other products and services or for technical support, please contact our Customer Care Department within the United States at (800) 762‐2974, outside the United States at (317) 572‐3993 or fax (317) 572‐4002.
Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic formats. For more information about Wiley products, visit our web site at www.wiley.com.
Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication Data is applied for
Hardback: 9781119782193
Cover Design: Wiley
Cover Image: © DrPixel/Getty Images
Dedication
With profound gratitude to all inspiring teachers, as well as scientists for the discoveries of light quanta, coherent photons, and engineered semiconductor laser devices, which are becoming blessing life‐rays to humanity … to the Almighty (including late parents and current family) for providing an opportunity to see the brightness of invisible light in the darkest times of human tragedy … and to countless frontline medical staff, doctors, and law enforcement officials for selfless COVID‐19 services to save this mighty planet.
Babu Dayal Padullaparthi
To my family, friends, and many co‐workers that I have had the pleasure to work with and learn from over my lifetime. You have all been an inspiration to me. I especially thank my parents for the opportunities they afforded to me, and my daughter Destiny for being my best friend. Finally, to my mom, she is the strongest and most inspirational person I have ever known.
Jim A. Tatum
To my wife Tomoko for always supporting my research life and to my family, especially Soichiro, Hiroko, Saiko, and Yoichi for all the wonderful times we have spent together.
Kenichi Iga
About the Book and Authors Biographies
This book on Vertical‐Cavity Surface‐Emitting Laser or VCSEL is targeted for young entrepreneurs, managers, engineers, and researchers in a wide range of industries to understand how VCSELs are used in communication and sensing. With increasing Internet traffic, and large‐scale manufacturing in Consumer, Automotive, and Industrial sectors, VCSELs are in high demand and the forecasted market size exceeds $10B with more than 5B chips to be shipped over the next 10 years. The authors present an unique style of illustrations and practical engineering tenets to be easily understood by non‐engineering readers.
Introductory chapters convey a unique history of VCSEL by the inventor, plus fundamental operating characteristics and industrial landscape including market size, chip demand and manufacturing challenges through the use of a few example products.
Multi‐mode VCSEL chapters discuss applications of high‐speed VCSELs in modern data centers and high‐performance computing; short range 3D sensing in consumer devices including Face ID and autofocus functions for augmented reality; flash‐ and scan‐based LiDARs for long distance ranging in the automotive industry; and illuminators in night vision, security systems, and industrial heating modules.
Single‐mode VCSEL chapters present multi‐wavelength and MEMS tunable VCSELs for long wavelength communication, and sensing applications in optical mice, atomic clocks, laser printers, and optical coherence tomography (OCT) and the book concludes with a summary of present trend and future insight for VCSELs.
Several appendices are included that cover VCSEL design, epi‐structure growth, wafer fab, testing, reliability, eye‐safety, visible wavelength VCSEL applications, and photodetectors to serve as supplements to the main chapters.
Babu Dayal PADULLAPARTHI received his B. Sc./M. Sc., M. Phil., Ph. D. degrees from Andhra University (Govt. College at Rajahmundry), University of Hyderabad, IIT Delhi, all in Physics in 1994/1997, 1999, 2005, respectively. Dr. Padullaparthi worked in Tokyo Institute of Technology on VCSELs during 2005‐09. Dr. Padullaparthi founded Photonic Components DFM Ltd., HK in 2017 to offer professional services in Datacom, 3D Sensing and LiDAR areas. He held many senior executive roles in HK and PRC companies in promoting multiple high volume VCSEL development & manufacturing projects. He received the Outstanding Poster Award from MRS in Fall 2004, JSPS Post‐Doctoral Fellowship in 2005, and IEEE LEOS i‐NOW / Japan Chapter Young Scientist Award in 2008. Dr. Padullaparthi has co‐authored more than 50 peer reviewed technical papers on photonic materials and devices, is the co‐inventor of 24 patents, and a member of IEEE (Photonics and Communications Societies), Optica (formerly OSA) & SPIE.
Jim TATUM received a BA from Austin College, and MS and PhD in electrical engineering from the University of Texas at Dallas. Dr. Tatum joined Honeywell in 1996 as a design engineer and was instrumental in the introduction of the world’s first commercial VCSEL products. He later held roles in strategic marketing and finally as director of new product development at Finisar. Under his leadership, VCSELs operating at speeds up to 28Gbps were developed along with commercialization of single mode polarization locked VCSELs and high power VCSEL arrays for 3D sensing. More than 300M VCSELs based on his team’s efforts are operating in the field today. In 2018 Dr. Tatum founded Dallas Quantum Devices and continues to develop even higher speed VCSELs along with a variety of VCSEL solutions in corollary sensor markets. Dr. Tatum has been granted more than 50 patents and authored many technical publications on VCSELs and related applications.
Kenichi IGA received his B. E., M. E., and Dr. Eng. Degrees from Tokyo Institute of Technology in 1963, 1965 and 1968, respectively. He joined Tokyo Institute of Technology in 1968, becoming Associate Professor in 1974, and Professor in 1984. In 2001 he was awarded Professor Emeritus. He served as the 27th President of Tokyo Institute of Technology for 2007–2012. From 1979 to 1980, he worked at Bell Labs., Holmdel. Professor Iga initiated pioneering research programs in surface emitting laser (VCSEL) and microoptics. He received 1992 IEEE/LEOS William Streifer Award, 1998 IEEE/OSA John Tyndall Award, 2003 IEEE Daniel E. Noble Award, 2002 Rank Prize, 2013 Franklin Medal with the Bower Award and Prize, and 2021 IEEE Edison Medal. He plays a contrabass as a hobby.
Foreword
“A conventional stripe semiconductor laser consists of two end mirrors perpendicular to the active layer so that the light output is parallel to the wafer surface. If a semiconductor laser with the