Тайна жизни: Как Розалинд Франклин, Джеймс Уотсон и Фрэнсис Крик открыли структуру ДНК. Ховард Маркел
Annals of Science 1 (1936): 115–37; Bob Montgomerie and Tim Birkhead, "A Beginner's Guide to Scientific Misconduct," ISBE Newsletter 17, no. 1 (2005): 16–21; Daniel L. Hartl and Daniel J. Fairbanks, "Mud Sticks: On the Alleged Falsification of Mendel's Data," Genetics 175 (2007): 975–79; Allan Franklin, A. W. F. Edwards, Daniel J. Fairbanks, Daniel L. Hartl, and Teddy Seidenfeld, eds., Ending the Mendel–Fisher Controversy (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2008); Gregory Radick, "Beyond the 'Mendel–Fisher Controversy,' " Science 350, no. 6257 (2015): 159–60.
34
"Wilhelm His, Sr. (1831–1904), Embryologist and Anatomist," editorial, Journal of the American Medical Association 187, no. 1 (January 4, 1964): 58; Elan D. Louis and Christian Stapf, "Unraveling the Neuron Jungle: The 1879–1886 Publications by Wilhelm His on the Embryological Development of the Human Brain," Archives of Neurology 58, no. 11 (2001): 1932–35.
35
Переплетение марлевой ткани отличается тем, что уточные нити расположены попарно и пересекаются до и после каждой нити основы, надежно удерживая уток на месте. Интересно, что эта структура напоминает двойную спираль. A. Klose, "Victor von Bruns und die sterile Verbandswatte," ("Victor Bruns and the Sterile Cotton Wool"), Ausstellungskatalog des Stadtsmuseums Tübinger Katalogue 77 (2007): 36–46; D. J. Haubens, Victor von Bruns (1812–1883) and his contributions to plastic and reconstructive surgery," Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 75, no. 1 (January 1985): 120–27.
36
Ralf Dahm, "Discovering DNA: Friedrich Miescher and the Early Years of Nucleic Acid Research," Human Genetics 122 (2008): 565–81; Ralf Dahm, "Friedrich Miescher and the Discovery of DNA," Developmental Biology 278, no. 2 (2005): 274–88; Ralf Dahm, "The Molecule from the Castle Kitchen," Max Planck Research, 2004, 50–55; Ulf Lagerkvist, DNA Pioneers and Their Legacy (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998), 35–67.
37
Horace W. Davenport, "Physiology, 1850–1923: The View from Michigan," Physiologist 25, suppl. 1 (1982): 1–100.
38
Friedrich Miescher, "Ueber die chemische Zusammensetzung der Eiterzellen" (On the Chemical Composition of Pus Cells), Medicinisch-chemische Untersuchungen 4 (1871): 441–60; Felix Hoppe-Seyler, "Ueber die chemische Zusammensetzung des Eiter" (On the Chemical Composition of Pus), Medicinisch-chemische Untersuchungen 4 (1871): 486–501.
39
S. B. Weineck, D. Koelblinger, and T. Kiesslich, "Medizinische Habilitation im deutschsprachigen Raum: Quantitative Untersuchung zu Inhalt und Ausgestaltung der Habilitationsrichtlinien" (Medical Habilitation in German-Speaking Countries: Quantitative Assessment of Content and Elaboration of Habilitation Guidelines), Der Chirurg 86, no. 4 (April 2015): 355–65; Theodor Billroth, The Medical Sciences in the German Universities: A Study in the History of Civilization (New York: Macmillan, 1924).
40
Freidrich Miescher, "Die Spermatozoen einiger Wirbeltiere: Ein Beitrag zur Histochemie" (The Spermatazoa of Some Vertebrates: A Contribution to Histochemistry), Verhandlungen der naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Basel 6 (1874): 138–208; Dahm, "Discovering DNA"; Ulf Lagerkvist, DNA Pioneers and Their Legacy (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998), 35–67.
41
Dahm, "Discovering DNA," 574.
42
Описание истории евгеники взято из одной из моих книг, а именно: Howard Markel, The Kelloggs: The Battling Brothers of Battle Creek (New York: Pantheon, 2017), 298–321.
43
Гальтон также противопоставлял воспитание природе. Он и Чарльз Дарвин приходятся внуками английскому врачу, натуралисту, изобретателю и поэту Эразму Дарвину. См.: Francis Galton, Inquiries into Human Faculty and its Development (London: Macmillan, 1883), 17, 24–25, 44; Francis Galton, Hereditary Genius: An Inquiry into its Laws and Consequences (London: Macmillan, 1869); Francis Galton, "On Men of Science: Their Nature and Their Nurture," Proceedings of the Royal Institution of Great Britain 7 (1874): 227–36.
44
Howard Markel, Quarantine: East European Jewish Immigrants and the New York City Epidemics of 1892 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997), 179–82; Howard Markel, When Germs Travel: Six Major Epidemics That Invaded America Since 1900 and the Fears They Unleashed (New York: Pantheon, 2004), 34–36; Kenneth M. Ludmerer, Genetics and American Society: A Historical Appraisal (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1972), 87–119.
45
Государственный закон США № 68–139, принятый 68-м Конгрессом США; John Higham, Strangers in the Land: Patterns of American Nativism, 1860–1925 (New York: Atheneum, 1963), 152; Barbara M. Solomon, Ancestors and Immigrants: A Changing New England Tradition (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1956); Markel, Quarantine, 1–12, 66–67, 75–98, 133–52, 163–78, 181–85; Markel, When Germs Travel, 9–10, 35–36, 56, 87–89, 96–97, 102–3.
46
Charles E. Rosenberg, "Charles Benedict Davenport and the Irony of American Eugenics," in No Other Gods: On Science and American Social Thought (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University, Press, 1976), 89–97; Garland E. Allen, "The Eugenics Record Office at Cold Spring Harbor, 1910–1940: An Essay in Institutional History," OSIRIS (second series) 2 (1986): 225–64; Oscar Riddle, "Biographical Memoir of Charles B. Davenport, 1866–1944," Biographical Memoirs, vol. 25 (Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 1947).
47
Джеймс Уотсон неоднократно высказывался о том, что представители черной расы генетически менее развиты интеллектуально, нежели белые. Одно из таких заявлений имело место в передаче канала PBS из цикла «Американские мастера». См.: Amy Harmon, "For James Watson, the Price Was Exile," New York Times, January 1, 2019, D1; "Decoding Watson," American Masters, PBS, January 2, 2019, http://www.pbs.org/wnet/americanmasters/american-masters-decoding-watson-full-film/10923/?button=fullepisode.
48
Rosenberg, No Other Gods, 91.
49
Charles