Тайна жизни: Как Розалинд Франклин, Джеймс Уотсон и Фрэнсис Крик открыли структуру ДНК. Ховард Маркел
Grant, The Passing of the Great Race, or The Racial Basis of European History (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1916); Jacob H. Landman, Human Sterilization: The History of the Sexual Sterilization Movement (New York: Macmillan, 1932); Harry H. Laughlin, Eugenical Sterilization in the United States (Chicago: Municipal Court of Chicago, 1932); Paul Lombardo, Three Generations, No Imbeciles: Eugenics, the Supreme Court, and Buck v. Bell (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2010); Adam Cohen, Imbeciles: The Supreme Court, American Eugenics and the Sterilization of Carrie Buck (New York: Penguin, 2016); Daniel Kevles, In the Name of Eugenics: Genetics and the Uses of Human Heredity (New York: Knopf, 1985), 96–112. Труднее сосчитать представителей сексуальных меньшинств, инвалидов, цыган и других «неполноценных», убитых согласно идеологии гитлеровского режима. См.: U.S. Holocaust Museum, "Documenting the Numbers of Victims of the Holocaust and Nazi Persecution," https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/documenting-numbers-of-victims-of-the-holocaust-and-nazi-persecution.
52
Archibald Garrod, Garrod's Inborn Factors in Disease: Including an annotated facsimile reprint of The Inborn Factors in Disease (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989); Thomas Hunt Morgan, "The Theory of the Gene," American Naturalist 51 (1917): 513–44; T. H. Morgan, A. H. Sturtevant, H. J. Muller, and C. B. Bridges, The Mechanism of Mendelian Heredity, revised ed. (New York: Henry Holt, 1922); T. H. Morgan, "Sex-linked Inheritance in Drosophila," Science 32, no. 812 (1910): 120–22; T. H. Morgan and C. B. Bridges, Sex-linked Inheritance in Drosophila (Washington, DC: Carnegie Institution of Washington/Press of Gibson Brothers, 1916). Пример популяционной генетики того времени см.: Raymond Pearl, Modes of Research in Genetics (New York: Macmillan, 1915).
53
Matt Ridley, Francis Crick: Discoverer of the Genetic Code (New York: Harper Perennial, 2006), 33.
54
George W. Corner, A History of the Rockefeller Institute, 1901–1953: Origins and Growth (New York: Rockefeller Institute Press, 1964); E. R. Brown, Rockefeller Medicine Men: Medicine and Capitalism in America (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1979).
55
Howard Markel, "The Principles and Practice of Medicine: How a Textbook, a Former Baptist Minister, and an Oil Tycoon Shaped the Modern American Medical and Public Health Industrial–Research Complex," Journal of the American Medical Association 299, no. 10 (2008): 1199–201; Ron Chernow, Titan: The Life of John D. Rockefeller (New York: Random House, 1998), 470–79.
56
René Dubos, The Professor, the Institute and DNA (New York: Rockefeller University Press, 1976), 10, 161–79.
57
Robert D. Grove and Alice M. Hetzel, Vital Statistics in the United States, 1940–1960, U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare, Public Health Service, National Center for Health Statistics (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1968), 92.
58
Frederick Griffith, "The Significance of Pneumococcal Types," Journal of Hygiene 27, no. 2 (1928): 113–59.
59
M. H. Dawson, "The transformation of pneumococcal types. I. The Conversion of R forms of Pneumococcus into S forms of the homologous type," Journal of Experimental Medicine 51, no. 1 (1930): 99–122; M. H. Dawson, "The Transformation of Pneumococcal Types. II. The interconvertibility of type-specific S pneumococci," Journal of Experimental Medicine 51, no. 1 (1930): 123–47; M. H. Dawson and R. H. Sia, "In vitro transformation of Pneumococcal types. I. A technique for inducing transformation of Pneumococcal types in vitro," Journal of Experimental Medicine 54, no. 5 (1931): 681–99; M. H. Dawson and R. H. Sia, "In vitro transformation of Pneumococcal types. II. The nature of the factor responsible for the transformation of Pneumococcal types," Journal of Experimental Medicine 54, no. 5 (1931): 701–10; J. L. Alloway, "The transformation in vitro of R Pneumococci into S forms of different specific types by the use of filtered Pneumococcus extracts," Journal of Experimental Medicine 55 No. 1 (1932): 91–99; J. L. Alloway, "Further observations on the use of Pneumococcus extracts in effecting transformation of type in vitro," Journal of Experimental Medicine 57, no. 2 (1933): 265–78.
60
Эвери выдвигали на Нобелевскую премию тринадцать раз: в 1932, 1933, 1934, 1935, 1936, 1937, 1938, 1939, 1942, 1945, 1946, 1947 и 1948 гг., но безрезультатно. См.: "List of Individuals Proposing Oswald Avery and others for the Nobel Prize (1932–1948)," Oswald Avery Collection, Profiles in Science, U.S. National Library of Medicine, https://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/ps/access/CCAAFV.pdf#xml=https://profiles.nlm.nih.gov:443/pdfhighlight?uid=CCAAFV&query=%28Nobel%2C%20Avery%29.
61
Dubos, The Professor, the Institute and DNA, 139.
62
Dubos, The Professor, the Institute and DNA, 66; Matthew Cobb, "Oswald Avery, DNA, and the Transformation of Biology," Current Biology 24, no. 2 (2014): R55– R60; Maclyn McCarty, The Transforming Principle: Discovering that Genes Are Made of DNA (New York: Norton, 1985); Maclyn McCarty, "Discovering Genes are Made of DNA," Nature 421 (2003): 406; Horace Freeland Judson, "Reflections on the Historiography of Molecular Biology," Minerva 18, no. 3 (1980): 369–421; Alan Kay, "Oswald T. Avery," in Charles C. Gillespie, ed., Dictionary of Scientific Biography, vol. 1 (New York: Scribner's, 1970); Charles L. Vigue, "Oswald Avery and DNA," American Biology Teacher 46, no. 4 (1984): 207–11; Nicholas Russell, "Oswald Avery and the Origin of Molecular Biology," British Journal for the History of Science 21, no. 4 (1988): 393–400; M. F. Perutz, "Co-Chairman's Remarks: Before the Double Helix," Gene 135 (1993): 9–13.
63
Это письмо цитирует Рене Дюбо в книге: René Dubos, The Professor, the Institute and DNA, 217–20. Оригинал письма Освальда Эвери к Рою Эвери, датированного 26 мая 1943 г., находится в материалах Освальда Эвери в Библиотеке и архиве шт. Теннесси (Нэшвилл), а также доступен онлайн: Oswald Avery Collection, Profiles in Science, U.S. National Library of Medicine, https://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/ps/retrieve/ResourceMetadata/CCBDBF.
64
O.