Что хотел сказать автор? Фокализация в книге Руфь. Константин Назаров
точки зрения фокуса в мире описываемых событий, но вне любого персонажа». См. Gerald Prince, Narratology: the form and functioning of narrative, Janua linguarum Series maior (Berlin; New York: Mouton, 1982), 123.
30
Genette, Narrative Discourse, 189.
31
Genette, Revisited, 74.
32
Scholes, Phelan, and Kellogg, Nature, 318.
33
Scholes, Phelan, and Kellogg, Nature, 318.
34
Monika Fludernik, An introduction to narratology (London; New York: Routledge, 2009), 38.
35
G. Eliot and G. Maertz, Middlemarch: A Study of Provincial Life (Broadview Press, 2004), 242, quoted in Scholes, Phelan, and Kellogg, Nature, 318.
36
James A. Michener, Hawaii (London: Secker and Warburg, 1976), 9 quoted in Jahn, “Focalization,” 97.
37
Jahn, “Focalization,” 98.
38
Genette, Narrative Discourse, 193.
39
Henry James, The Ambassadors (London and New York: Harper & Brothers Publishers, 1903), 26.
40
James Joys, A portrait of the artist as a young may (New York: B. W. Huebsch, 1916), quoted in Rimmon-Kenan, Narrative Fiction, 74.
41
Abbott, Cambridge Introduction to Narrative, 66–67.
42
Genette, Revisited, 64.
43
Ernest Hemingway, For Whom the Bell Tolls (New York: Scribner’s, 1943), 6, quoted in Jahn, “Focalization,” 98.
44
Genette, Revisited, 64.
45
Stendhal, The red and the black: a chronicle of the nineteenth century, trans. Catherine Slater, World’s classics (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991), 30.
46
Genette, Narrative Discourse, 190.
47
Genette, Narrative Discourse, 190.
48
Jahn, “Focalization,” 98.
49
Ernest Hemingway, The Killers, The Complete Short Stories of Ernest Hemingway (New York: Scribner’s, 1987), 215, quoted in Jahn, “Focalization,” 98–99.
50
Genette, Narrative Discourse, 191.
51
Genette, Narrative Discourse, 192.
52
Stendhal, Charterhouse of Parma, quoted in Genette, Narrative Discourse, 192.
53
Stendhal, Charterhouse of Parma, цитируется в Genette, Narrative Discourse, 192–193.
54
Adele Berlin, Poetics and Interpretation of Biblical Narrative (Sheffield: Almond, 1983), 91.
55
Здесь использован новый перевод книги Верна, поскольку при традиционном переводе теряется смысл сцены. См. Jules Verne and William Butcher, Around the world in eighty days: the extraordinary journeys (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995).
56
Там же.
57
См., например, Jan Christoph Meister and Jörg Shcönery, “The DNS of Mediacy,” in Point of View, Perspective, and Focalization: Modeling Mediation in Narrative, ed. Peter Hühn, Wolf Schmid, and Jörg Schönert (Berlin; New York: Walter de Gruyter, 2009).