The History of Kazakhstan from the Earliest Period to the Present time. Volume I. Zhanat Kundakbayeva
from Northern China, a part of their nobility fled westward to the south of Lake Balkhash. There they established the Kara Khitai Empire. The west of the Kara Khitai was the Khwarazmian Empire of Persia, which formed in the late of the XIIth century.
The formation of the Kara Khitai Empire was caused by the invasion of nomadic tribes from Central Asia. It was founded by the kidans who escaped from Chzhurzhen expansions. In the memory of Lyo Kidan Empire they named. The capital of the Si Lyo – Balacagun was situated on the Chu river. Developed agricultural areas of Fergana and Maverannahr entered the State structure. By the end of the XIIth century began weakening Si Lyo's power. In 1210 the Kara Khitais were defeated by the The Khwarezmid's army. As a result Maverannahr was separated from the Kara Khitai Empire. That period the Naimans' ruler Kuchluk who had escaped from Genghis Khan took his refuge at the Kara Khitai ruler and even had got married his daughter.
Having gartered the Naimans, who had escaped from the Mongols Kuchluk began raiding the Kara Khitai's territories. Soon he managed to take the control over all the Gurhan's possessions. Formally Gurhan remained on the throne but the real governor became Kuchluk (as an adviser of Kara Khitai's governor). After Gurhan's death, power officially passed to Kuchluk who ruled till the Mongol invasion 1215.
In the Northern part of Semirechye there was the Qarluqs's small possession the Muslim rules of which had the title of aprslan-khan – traditional for one of the Karahanid's brunch. The Qarluqs's principality of the Northen Semirechye was the vassal of the Karakhitais.
In the Northern part of Semirechye (also Dzhetysu; from Kazakh zheti [“seven”] and su [“water”]) was the Qarluqs's small possession the Muslim rules of which had the title of arslan-khan- traditional for one of the Kara-Khanid's brunch. The Qarluqs's principality of the Northen Semirechye was the Kara Khitai's vassal.
Before the Mongol invasion territories between the Talas, Chu and Issyk Kul lake were occupied by the Kanglys. Base in the Syr-Darya with it's fortified cities and adjoining areas, and also Maverannahr with oblast adjoining to it belonged to KKhwarezm Shah Muhammad.
In the ethnogenetic processes of the beginning of the II millennium the important role played the Naimans and the Kireits. As the analyses of the Kazakh genealogical legends show, they entered the Kazakh Nationality. But their appearance on the territory of Kazakhstan was connected with the escape from Genghis Khan at the beginning of the XIIIth century.
If to speak about economic development of Kazakhstan before the Mongol invasion two ways of life have been presented: nomadic and settled-agricultural. The center of settled civilization of Kazakhstan at that time was the South, especially Semirechye.
The Xth-XIth centuries were the time of growth of cities in Kazakhstan both old – Otrar, Taraz, Isfidzhab, Kulan, Yangikent and new – Kayalik, Ashnas, Barlychkent. Just in the Ili valley in The Xth – XIIIth centuries appeared over 56 cities. Till the Mongolian invasion in the south of Kazakhstan and in Semirechye widely spread the monetary trade. Two Monetary courts are known- Taraz and Isfidzhab.
In the second decade of the XIIIth century cities of Southern Kazakhstan passed under Khwarezmia's power. Khwarezm has been known also as Chorasmia, Khwarezmia, Khwarizm, Khwarazm, KKhwarezm, Khoresm, Khorasam, Harezm, Khwarezm, and CKhwarezm. But Semirechye was under the Kara Khitai's power and their vassals. Spiritual culture of Kazakhstan a component of which was religion corresponded to the high level of economic relations.
Worship of the Heaven (Tengri) and the Earth-water (Jern-sou), and also, a female deity to Umaj-patroness of the centre and children was a basis of religion of the Turkic people. Along with actually Turkic beliefs among the population were spread other religious systems: the Buddhism, The Manichaean religion, Christianity and Islam. Especially at the end of the XIIth-beginning of the XIII centuries Islam role in system of beliefs of the population amplified. As a whole, it should be noted, that religious notions of the settled and nomadic population were characterized by variety. In the X-XII centuries on the territory of Kazakhstan and Central Asia in the conditions of similarities of economic-cultural types, languages and life likeness of the Kipchaks, Kanglus, Qarluqss, Kara Khitais, Naimans and Kireits took place the process of ethnic consolidation of these tribes and tribal unions, main knots of ethogenesis, formed historical preconditions of formating nations. At such level of social and economic, ethno political and cultural development found the people of Kazakhstan invasion of the Genghis Khan.
The rise of Genghis Khan
The rise of Genghis Khan was one of the most dramatic in history, and has hardly, if ever, been paralleled in history. No one rose from such a low position: as a part of a family eating roots and rodents for survival; and yet end up achieving so much in the end
Much of what we know about Genghis' early life comes from the famous Mongol script, The Secret History of the Mongols, which is a record of Mongol history written in 1240. The bulk of the Secret History describes Genghis Khan's early life and is written with numerous dialogues between characters. When the Persian historian Rashid ad-Din wrote The History of the Tribes, he made numerous contradictions with the Secret History, which he had access to when he wrote his script. However, the contradictions are centered on details, and there is a good agreement between the two sources on the general flow of the story.
The Early Childhood of Temujin
Temujin, the one who would become Genghis Khan, was born in 1167. His father was Yesugei, the head of the Kiyad sub-clan and leader of a small coalition of other Mongol clans. When Temujin was nine, his father brought him to visit the Okhunugud tribe. During the visit, Yesugei met Borte, the daughter of the Okhunugud leader (Dei the wise), and found her to be quite intriguing. Yesugei proposed marriage between her and Temujin, which Dei gladly accepted. As a steppe tradition, Temujin would be left with his future wife's family for a period of time.
Leaving Temujin behind, Yesugei proudly rode back to his camp. However, misfortune struct. On the way, he met a group of men and stopped for a feast. Little did he know that they were Tartars, archenemies of the Mongols. While they feasted together, the Tartars secretly poisoned Yesugei's food. When Yesugei finally returned to his camp, he was already near death. Temujin was summoned back to assume leadership of the coalition, but the other clan leaders were not impressed by his young age. The other clan leaders of the coalition abandoned Temujin's camp, and soon, almost all of his Kiyad clansmen left as well. In the end, all that was left of Temujin's camp was his mother, his four siblings, his two stepbrothers, and a family servant.
Temujin and his ragtag clan took a life of hardship, living off of plant roots and what little there could be found. One day, when Temujin and his brother Kasar caught a figh, his half brothers snatched it out of his hand and ate it for themselves. In such desperate situation, a single fish was valuable, and could mean the difference between survival and starvation. Temujin was outraged. He got his bow and shot his half brother, Bekter, at close range. At an early age, Temujin had developed the personality that would mark his personality when he would become Genghis Khan. Although we often think of him being exceedingly brutal against his enemies, he was also exceedingly kind to those loyal to him. Temujin pardoned his other half brother, and the two would become good friends.
Despite the hardships and the murder of his half brother, Temujin and his family lived on. Temujin had many adventures, including capture by the Tayichigud clan, and dealing with raiding horse thieves. However, Temujin did not seem to be weakened by any of these events. In fact, he kept getting stronger. At age 15, he was old enough to return to Dei's camp and claim his wife, Borte. Without doubt, Temujin had great personal strength, but he still had no political power, and a private army numbering only five men. Shortly though, this would change.
One day, the Merkids Tribe attacked Temujin's camp. Temujin and his family fled safely into the forests, but Borte was captured. However, the Merkids were a strong tribe and he was in no position of taking them on. But Temujin realized long ago that his father had an anda (Blood sworn brothers), Toghrul Khan of the Keyerids. Temujin traveled to Toghrul and asked for his help. Since Toghrul had such great memories with Yesugei, he agreed to aid the youngster. He raised an army of 1500 men and enlisted his ally, Jamugha, who brought an additional 1500 men. Meanwhile, Temujin sent messages to the former clansmen that used to serve under his father and was able assemble a force of about 500 men. Temujin' army was by far the