Управление твердыми отходами в субъекте федерации. Теория и практика управления твердыми отходами в России и за рубежом. Азер Искендерович Назаров
а также деятельность по сбору, использованию, обезвреживанию, транспортированию, размещению отходов» [17]. Примечательно, что «waste management» в некоторых российских переводах адаптируется как «обращение отходов», хотя концептуально это совершенно неверно, поскольку само понятие «management» отсылает к субъектно-объектным отношениям, что исключает дефиниция обезличенного «обращение», подобно ситуации, при которой субъект отсутствует.
2
Под эффективностью понимаю такое состояние, при котором при заданных состоянии технологий и издержках на информацию рынок имеет наименьшие возможные себестоимость производства и трансакционные издержки [109].
3
«Solid waste management is a local responsibility. However, local implementation of economic instruments needs the support of national policy. Firstly, local governments do not have the capacity to assess the options and determine which instruments would be most cost-effective for their use. Also, local governments are politically sensitive about any increase in charges or taxes to their constituency, unless they can refer to some national directive. Finally, as local governments often rely on central government budgetary support, they may not be free to provide fiscal incentives or modify procurement policies» [136].
4
«…The primary emphasis of this book is on the management of solid waste in an urban setting. The urban setting may be a small municipality, any intermediate size community, or a large metropolitan area. In some cases, technological aspects could be extrapolated to rural settings.» [161].
5
«Municipal solid waste management – planning and implementation of systems to handle MSW» [161].
6
Municipal Solid Waste Management (MSWM) refers to the collection, transfer, treatment, recycling, resource recovery, and disposal of solid waste generated in urban areas. MSWM is a major responsibility of local government and a complex service involving appropriate organizational, technical, and managerial capacity and cooperation between numerous stakeholders in both the private and public sectors. MSWM encompasses: refuse storage and collection, street and drain cleaning, solid waste transfer and transport, solid waste disposal, and resource recovery. MSWM also involves vehicle maintenance repair; financial management; administrative activities such as routing, scheduling, and record keeping; staff management and development, and strategic MSWM planning. Generally, these facilities fall within the jurisdiction of the municipality, but the private sector often manages some domestic refuse and the wastes from large-scale industries, hospitals, and large office complexes. [135].
7
«Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) refers to wastes arising from domestic, commercial, industrial, and institutional activities in an urban area. Municipal solid wastes encompass all those wastes that are neither wastewater discharges nor atmospheric emissions. A solid waste may be semi -solid, solid, or even a liquid, and is generally perceived by society as lying within the responsibility of the municipality to collect and dispose of it. Categories of municipal solid waste include: household garbage and rubbish, yard waste, commercial refuse, institutional refuse, construction and demolition debris, street cleaning and maintenance refuse, dead animals, bulky wastes, abandoned vehicles, and sanitation residues» [135].
8
«Municipal solid waste – all solid waste generated in an area except industrial and agricultural wastes. Sometimes includes construction and demolition debris and other special wastes that may enter the municipal waste stream. Generally excludes hazardous wastes, except to the extent that they enter the municipal waste stream. Sometimes defined to mean all solid wastes that a city authority accepts responsibility for managing in some way» [161]
9
«Understanding relationships among the key topics is a key element in successfully achieving integrated waste management – a single, overall approach to managing waste in a city, town, or region» [161]
10
«Integrated waste management is a frame of reference for designing and implementing new waste management systems and for analyzing and optimizing existing systems. Integrated waste management is based on the concept that all aspects of a waste management system (technical and non-technical) should be analyzed together…. WASTE management hierarchy is a key element of integrated solid waste management The waste management hierarchy is a widespread element of national and regional policy and is often considered the most fundamental basis of modern MSWM practice. The hierarchy ranks waste management operations according to their environmental or energy benefits. In virtually all countries, the hierarchy is …, with the first entries having higher priority than those below them» [161].
11
Применительно к России данная иерархия отражена в ст.3 ФЗ-89 от 24 июня 1998 «Об отходах производства и потребления» [17]
12
«A comprehensive municipal solid waste management (MSWM) system includes some or all of the following activities: • setting policies; • developing and enforcing regulations; • planning and evaluating municipal MSWM activities by system designers, users, and other stakeholders; • using waste characterisation studies to adjust systems to the types of waste generated; • physically handling waste and recoverable materials, including separation, collection, composting, incineration, and landfilling; • marketing recovered materials to brokers or to end-users for industrial, commercial, or small-scale manufacturing purposes; • establishing training programs for MSWM workers; • carrying out public information and education programs; • identifying financial mechanisms and cost recovery systems; • establishing prices for services, and creating incentives; • managing public sector administrative and operations units; and • incorporating private sector businesses, including informal sector collectors, processors, and entrepreneurs» [161]
13
Подробно перечень полномочий РФ, субъектов РФ и органов местного самоуправления в области обращения с отходами приведен в ст.5,ст.6, ст.8 ФЗ-89 от 24 июня 1998 «Об отходах производства и потребления» [17]