On the Philosophy of Discovery, Chapters Historical and Critical. William Whewell

18

Analyt. Post. i. 34.

19

Ibid. ii. 19.

20

Analyt. Prior. ii. 25.

21

See on this subject Appendix, Essay D.

22

See the chapter on Certain Characteristics of Scientific Induction in the Phil. Ind. Sc. or in the Nov. Org. Renov.

23

Phil. Ind. Sc. b. viii. c. i. art. 11, or Hist. Sc. Id. b. viii.

24

B. i. c. xi. sect. 2.

25

B. iii. c. i. sect. 9.

26

De Cælo, ii. 13.

27

Ibid. ii. 10.

28

xii. 8.

29

B. xvi. c. vi.

30

On the Classification of Mammalia, &c.: a Lecture delivered at Cambridge, May 10, 1859, p. 3.

31

B. i. c. xi.

32

History of Scientific Ideas, and Novum Organum Renovatum.

33

The remainder of this chapter is new in the present edition.

34

Hist. of Greece, Part ii. chap. 68.

35

De Antiqua Medicina, c. 20.

36

Lib. i. c. 9.

37

De Elem. i. 6.

38

In former editions I have not done justice to this passage.

39

Hist. Ind. Sc. Addition to Introduction in Third Edition.

40

Lib. i. Fast.

41

Hist. Nat. i. 75.

42

Quæst. Nat. vii. 25.

43

Quæst. Nat. vii. 30, 31.

44

Ibid. iii. 7.

45

Hist. Ind. Sc. b. iii. c. iv. sect. 8.

46

Ibid. b. ix. c. ii.

47

See Hist. Ind. Sc. b. iv. c. i.

48

See the opinion of Aquinas, in Degerando, Hist. Com. des Syst. iv. 499; of Duns Scotus, ibid. iv. 523.

49

Liber Excerptionum, Lib. i. c. i.

50

Tr. Ex. Lib. i. c. vii.

51

Tenneman, viii. 461.

52

Mores Catholici, or Ages of Faith, viii. p. 247.

53

Tenneman, viii. 460.

54

If there were any doubt on this subject, we might refer to the writers who afterwards questioned the supremacy of Aristotle, and who with one voice assert that an infallible authority had been claimed for him. Thus Laurentius Valla: "Quo minus ferendi sunt recentes Peripatetici, qui nullius sectæ hominibus interdicunt libertate ab Aristotele dissentiendi, quasi sophos hic, non philosophus." Pref. in Dial. (Tenneman, ix. 29.) So Ludovicus Vives: "Sunt ex philosophis et ex theologis qui non solum quo Aristoteles pervenit extremum esse aiunt naturæ, sed quâ pervenit eam rectissimam esse omnium et certissimam in natura viam." (Tenneman, ix. 43.) We might urge too, the evasions practised by philosophical Reformers, through fear of the dogmatism to which they had to submit; for example, the protestation of Telesius at the end of the Proem to his work, De Rerum Natura: "Nec tamen, si quid eorum quæ nobis posita sunt, sacris literis, Catholicæve ecclesiæ decretis non cohæreat, tenendum id, quin penitus rejiciendum asseveramus contendimusque. Neque enim humana modo ratio quævis, sed ipse etiam sensus illis posthabendus, et si illis non congruat, abnegandus omnino et ipse etiam est sensus."

55

Ages of Faith, viii. 247: to the author of which I am obliged for this quotation.

56

Algazel. See Hist. Ind. Sc. b. iv. c. i.

57

Tenneman, viii. 830.

58

Degerando, iv. 535.

59

Leibnitz's expressions are, (Op. t. vi. p. 16): "Quand j'étais jeune, je prenois quelque a l'Art de Lulle, mais je crus y entrevoir bien des défectuosités, dont j'ai dit quelque chose dans un petit Essai d'écolier intitulé De Arte Combinatoria, publié en 1666, et qui a été réimprimé après malgré moi. Mais comme je ne méprise rien facilement, excepté les arts divinatoires que ne sont que des tromperies toutes pures, j'ai trouvé quelque chose d'estimable encore dans l'Art de Lulle."

60

Works, vii. 296.

61

Fratris Rogeri Bacon, Ordinis Minorum, Opus Majus, ad Clementem Quartum, Pontificem Romanum, ex MS. Codice Dubliniensi cum aliis quibusdam collato, nunc primum edidit S. Jebb, M.D. Londini, 1733.

62

Opus Majus, Præf.

63

Contents of Roger Bacon's Opus Majus.

Part I. On the four causes of human ignorance:—Authority, Custom, Popular Opinion, and the Pride of supposed Knowledge.

Part II. On the source of perfect wisdom in the Sacred Scripture.

Part III. On the Usefulness of Grammar.

Part IV. On the Usefulness of Mathematics.

(1) The necessity of Mathematics in Human Things (published separately as the Specula Mathematica).

(2) The necessity of Mathematics in Divine Things.—1^o. This study has occupied holy men: 2^o. Geography: 3^o. Chronology: 4^o. Cycles; the Golden Number, &c.: 5^o. Natural Phenomena, as the Rainbow: 6^o. Arithmetic: 7^o. Music.

(3) The necessity of Mathematics in Ecclesiastical Things. 1^o. The Certification of Faith: 2^o. The Correction of the Calendar.

(4) The necessity of Mathematics in the State.—1^o. Of Climates: 2^o. Hydrography: 3^o. Geography: 4^o. Astrology.

Part V. On Perspective (published separately as Perspectiva).

(1) The organs of vision.

(2) Vision in straight lines.

(3) Vision reflected and refracted.

(4) De multiplicatione specierum (on the propagation of the impressions of light, heat, &c.)

Part VI. On Experimental Science.

64

Op. Maj. p. 1.

65

Ibid. p. 2.

66

Ibid. p. 10.

67

I will give a specimen. Opus Majus, c. viii. p. 35: "These two kinds of philosophers, the Ionic and Italic, ramified through many sects and various successors, till they came to the doctrine of Aristotle, who corrected and changed the propositions of all his predecessors, and attempted to perfect philosophy. In the [Italic] succession, Pythagoras, Archytas Tarentinus and Timæus are most prominently mentioned. But the principal philosophers, as