Machine Designers Reference. J. Marrs
70E
•Type ‘C’ Standards
ANSI, BSI, CEN, ISO, CSA, ASABE, ASME, SAE, and UL (and others) have developed many hundreds of industry-specific and machine-type-specific machinery safety standards to achieve a basic level of safety. The design of a machine should be in conformance with not only Type ‘A’ and Type ‘B’ standards, but also those standards (if they exist) that apply to that specific machine type. A list of Type ‘C’ standards covering all machine types and all industries is too lengthy to be included in this chapter. It is, therefore, left to the designer to learn the targeted industry and the machine’s intended use so the appropriate Type ‘C’ standards can be obtained and used during the design process.
INTERNET WEB SITES
In addition to this list of statutes, books, and industry standards, today’s machine designer should also be aware of and take advantage of information available through the Internet. Notable sites include, but are not limited to:
•OSHA: www.osha.gov helpful link: www.osha.gov/SLTC/machineguarding/index.html helpful link: www.osha.gov/Publications/Mach_SafeGuard/toc.html
•ANSI (American National Standards Institute):www.ansi.org helpful link: www.osha.gov/SLTC/machineguarding/scope98.html
•CEN (European Committee for Standardization): www.cen.eu/cen/pages/default.aspx
•ISO (International Organization for Standardization): www.iso.org/iso/home.html
•BSI (The British Standards Institution): www.bsigroup.com
•CSA (Canadian Standards Association): www.csa-international.org/about
•SAE (Society of Automotive Engineers): www.sae.org helpful link: http://standards.sae.org/commercial-vehicle/safety/standards/current/
•ASABE (American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers): www.asabe.org helpful link: http://asae.frymulti.com
•ASME (American Society of Mechanical Engineers): www.asme.org
•UL (Underwriters Laboratories): www.ul.com/global/eng/pages
•National Safety Council: www.nsc.org/Pages/Home.aspx helpful link: www.nsc.org/products_training/Products/Pages/OnlineProductCatalog.aspx
•CDC - Workplace Safety: http://www.cdc.gov/Workplace helpful link: www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/94-110/ helpful link: www.cdc.gov/niosh/89-106.html
•Other Helpful Websites www.schmersalusa.com/catalog_pdfs/<http://www. schmersalusa.com/catalog_pdfs GK1_2008.pdf (specifically, the last 65 pages) and www.sti.com/ltr2/access.php?file=pdf/807.pdf
APPLICATION OF LITERATURE TO DESIGN TOPICS
The list of codes and standards cited in Table 2-7 is not intended to be complete or exhaustive. It is intended to provide the reader with reference literature from which to learn more about safety and ergonomics in machine design.
Table 2-7: Selected Codes and Standards for Machinery Safety
1 S. Pheasant, Bodyspace, Anthropometry, Ergonomics and the Design of Work, 2nd Ed., Taylor & Francis Inc., Philadelphia, PA, 2002
2 S. Pheasant, Bodyspace, Anthropometry, Ergonomics and the Design of Work, 2nd Ed., Taylor & Francis Inc., Philadelphia, PA, 2002
3 Reproduced with permission of the McGraw-Hill Companies: Sanders, M. and McCormick, E. Human Factors in Engineering and Design Seventh Edition. McGraw-Hill: New York: 1993
4 Typically (ideally), the overwhelming majority of a machine’s active life will be spent in process of performing its primary function, as identified as categories 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 above. Because of this, a separate section in this chapter, Section 2.3, is devoted specifically to machine safety issues which are most important during this machine-active time, issues known as “safeguarding”.
5 See industry standards BSI PD 5304 (Section 7), ANSI B11.19, ANSI B15.1, EN 953, WN 1088, ISO 14120, ISO/TR 5046, and the book Safeguarding Concepts Illustrated.
6 Interlocking guards