500 Basic Korean Verbs. Kyubyong Park
belongs to this class, although it begins with syllable-initial ㄴ n.
e class #5.
(i) Sㅏ/ㅗ + e (-아) (ii) Sㅓ/ㅜ + e (-어) (iii) S + e + (-여)
Class #5 endings have three different forms depending on the stem they are attached to. If the stem ends in a syllable with ㅏ a or ㅗ o, the 아 a form is attached to it; if the stem ends in a syllable with other vowels, the 어 eo form is attached to it; the 하 verbs take the 여 yeo form and it overrides the prior rules. -아/어/여 -a/eo/yeo (declarative), -아요/어 요/여요 -ayo/eoyo/yeoyo (declarative), -았어요/었어요/였어요 -asseoyo/eosseoyo/yeo sseoyo (declarative past), -아라/어라/여라 -ara/eora/yeora (imperative), and -아서/어 서/여서 -aseo/eoseo/yeoseo “so, therefore” belong to Class #5.
가 + 아, 서 + 어, and 하 + 여 become 가, 서, and 해 respectively, according to the rules of vowel contraction. The exhaustive list of vowel contraction is shown below.
• Rules of Vowel Contraction
4. Conjugation of Irregular Verbs
4.1. ㅅ irregular verbs
ㅅ irregular verbs are those whose stem ends with ㅅ s. They lose their ㅅ s before endings beginning with a vowel.
The following verbs have stems ending in ㅅ, but they follow the regular conjugation rules: 벗다 beotda “to take off,”웃다 utda “to laugh,” 씻다 ssitda “to wash,” 빗다 bitda “to comb.”
4.2. ㅂ irregular verbs
ㅂ irregular verbs are those whose stem ends with ㅂ p. The ㅂ p becomes w before endings beginning with a vowel. Note that w and 으 eu merge to form 우 u.
The following verbs have stems ending in ㅂ, but they follow the regular conjugation rules: 잡다 japda “to take,” 뽑다 ppopda “to pull out,” 씹다 ssipda “to chew,” 입다 ipda “to wear.”
4.3. ㄷ irregular verbs
ㄷ irregular verbs are those whose stem ends with ㄷ t. The ㄷ t becomes ㄹ r before endings beginning with a vowel.
The following verbs have stems ending in ㄷ, but they follow the regular conjugation rules: 받다 batda “to take,” 닫다 datda “to close,” 얻다 eotda “to get,” 믿다 mitda “to believe.”
4.4. 르 irregular verbs
르 irregular verbs are those whose stem ends with 르 reu. The stem-final 르 reu becomes ㄹㄹ ll before an ending beginning with 아 a or 어 eo.
aesseuda 애쓰다 to try, to endeavor
| Present | Past | Future | |||
| Declarative | I | 애써 aesseo | 애썼어 aesseoseo | 애쓰겠어/애쓸 거야 aesseugeseo/aesseul kkeoya | |
| II | 애써요 aesseoyo | 애썼어요 aesseoseoyo | 애쓰겠어요/애쓸 거예요 aesseugeseoyo/aesseul kkeoyeyo | ||
| III | 애쓴다 aesseunda | 애썼다 aesseottta | 애쓰겠다/애쓸 거다 aesseugettta/aesseul kkeoda | ||
| IV | 애씁니다 aesseumnida | 애썼습니다 aesseotsseumnida | 애쓰겠습니다/애쓸 겁니다 aesseugetsseumnida/aesseul kkeomnida | ||
| Interrogative | I | 애써?aesseo | 애썼어?aesseoseo | 애쓰겠어?/ 애쓸 거야? aesseugeseo/aesseul kkeoya | |
| II | 애써요? aesseoyo | 애썼어요? aesseoseoyo | 애쓰겠어요?/애쓸 거예요? aesseugeseoyo/aesseul kkeoyeyo | ||
| III | 애쓰니? aesseuni | 애썼니? aesseonni | 애쓰겠니?/ 애쓸 거니? aesseugenni/aesseul kkeoni | ||
| IV | 애씁니까? aesseumnikka | 애썼습니까? aesseotseumnikka | 애쓰겠습니까?/애쓸 겁니까? aesseugetsseumnikka/aesseul kkeomnikka | ||
| Propositive | I | 애써 aesseo | Conjunctive | and | 애쓰고, 애쓰며 aesseugo, aesseumyeo |
| II | 애써요 aesseoyo | or | 애쓰거나 aesseugeona | ||
| III | 애쓰자 aesseuja | but | 애쓰지만, 애쓰는데 aesseujiman, aesseuneunde | ||
| IV | 애씁시다 aesseupssida | so | 애써서, 애쓰니까 aesseoseo, aesseunikka | ||
| Imperative | I | 애써 aesseo | in order to | 애쓰려고 aesseuryeogo | |
| II | 애쓰세요 aesseuseyo | if | 애쓰면 aesseumyeon | ||
| III | 애쓰십시오 aesseusipsio | not | 애쓰지(않다) aesseuji (anta) | ||
| IV | 애써라 aesseora | Nominal | 애씀, 애쓰기 aesseum, aesseugi | ||
| Adnominal | 애쓰는 aesseuneun | 애쓴 aesseun | 애쓸 aesseul |
| Synonyms | 노력하다 noryeokada | Causative | 애쓰게 하다 aesseuge hada |
| Antonyms | — | Honorific | 애쓰시다 aesseusida |
| Passive | — | Humble | — |
| Sentence Patterns |
| 무엇을 하려고 애쓰다, 무엇을 하기 위해 애쓰다 mueoseul haryeogo aesseuda, mueoseul hagi wihae aesseuda |
| Sample Sentences |
| ■ 그는 괜찮은 척하려고 애쓰는 것 같았다. geuneun gwaenchaneun cheokaryeogo aesseuneun geot gatattta He seemed to be pretending to be okay. ■ 그녀의 사랑을 얻기 위해 애썼지만 헛수고였다. geunyeoe sarangeul eotkki wihae aesseotjjiman heotssugoyeottta I tried in vain to win her love. |
akkida 아끼다 1. to save 2. to cherish
| Present | Past | Future | ||
| Declarative | I | 아껴 akkyeo | 아꼈어 akkyeosseo | 아끼겠어/아낄 거야 akkigesseo/akkil kkeoya |
| II | 아껴요 akkyeoyo | 아꼈어요 akkyeosseoyo | 아끼겠어요/아낄 거예요 akkigesseoyo/akkil kkeoyeyo | |
| III | 아낀다 akkinda | 아꼈다 akkyeottta | 아끼겠다/아낄 거다 akkigettta/akkil kkeoda | |
| IV | 아낍니다 akkimnida | 아꼈습니다 akkyeotsseumnida | 아끼겠습니다/아낄 겁니다 akkigetsseumnida/akkil kkeomnida | |
| Interrogative | I | 아껴? akkyeo | 아꼈어? akkyeosseo | 아끼겠어?/아낄 거야? akkigesseo/akkil kkeoya |
| II | 아껴요? akkyeoyo | 아꼈어요? akkyeosseoyo | 아끼겠어요?/아낄 거예요? akkigesseoyo/akkil kkeoyeyo | |
| III | 아끼니? akkini | 아꼈니? akkyeonni | 아끼겠니?/아낄 거니? akkigenni/akkil kkeoni | |
| IV | 아낍니까? akkimnikka | 아꼈습니까? |