Foreign Intervention in Africa after the Cold War. Elizabeth Schmidt
to my requests for materials and advice. Loyola University Maryland contributed significant financial support. The Research and Sabbatical Committee, the Center for the Humanities, the deans of the College of Arts and Sciences, and the vice president for Academic Affairs provided sabbatical funding and paid for maps, photographs, and developmental editing. Cartographer Philip Schwartzberg at Meridian Mapping produced the maps to precise specification and patiently dealt with multiple changes. Many photographers endured difficult conditions to take powerful pictures, which they kindly allowed me to use. Catherine Sunshine provided superb professional copyediting and stylistic advice.
Last but certainly not least, I thank my inestimable network of friends and family. For their love, support, and encouragement, I am grateful to my parents, Albert and Kathryn Schmidt; to my son Jann Grovogui; and to countless friends and colleagues—all of whom provided joy and perspective and tolerated the mood swings that book writing always entails.
Abbreviations
| ACOTA | Africa Contingency Operations Training and Assistance program (United States) |
| ACRI | African Crisis Response Initiative (United States) |
| AFDL | Alliance of Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Congo-Zaire (Alliance des Forces Démocratiques pour la Libération du Congo) |
| AFISMA | African-led International Support Mission in Mali |
| AFRICOM | United States Africa Command |
| AGOA | African Growth and Opportunity Act of 2000 (United States) |
| AMIS | African Union Mission in Sudan |
| AMISOM | African Union Mission in Somalia |
| AQAP | al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula (Saudi Arabia and Yemen) |
| AQI | al-Qaeda in Iraq |
| AQIM | al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb |
| ARPCT | Alliance for the Restoration of Peace and Counter-Terrorism (Somalia) |
| ARS | Alliance for the Re-liberation of Somalia |
| AU | African Union |
| BRICS | Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa |
| CDR | Coalition for the Defense of the Republic (Coalition pour la Défense de la République) (Rwanda) |
| CENTCOM | United States Central Command |
| CFA | African Financial Community (Communauté Financière en Afrique) |
| CIA | Central Intelligence Agency |
| CJTF-HOA | Combined Joint Task Force–Horn of Africa |
| CMA | Coordination of the Movements of Azawad (Coordination des Mouvements de l’Azawad) (Mali) |
| CNDP | National Congress for the Defense of the People (Congrès National pour la Défense du Peuple) (Democratic Republic of Congo) |
| CPA | Comprehensive Peace Agreement (Sudan) |
| DDPD | Doha Document for Peace in Darfur (Sudan) |
| DPA | Darfur Peace Agreement (Sudan) |
| DPKO | United Nations Department of Peacekeeping Operations |
| DRC | Democratic Republic of Congo (République Démocratique du Congo) |
| EACTI | East Africa Counterterrorism Initiative |
| EARSI | East Africa Regional Strategic Initiative |
| ECCAS | Economic Community of Central African States |
| ECOMICI | Economic Community of West African States Mission in Côte d’Ivoire |
| ECOMOG | Economic Community of West African States Monitoring Group (Liberia and Sierra Leone) |
| ECOWAS | Economic Community of West African States |
| EEC | European Economic Community |
| EO | Executive Outcomes |
| EU | European Union |
| EUCOM | United States European Command |
| FBI | Federal Bureau of Investigation (United States) |
| FDLR | Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda (Forces Démocratiques de Libération du Rwanda) |
| FESCI | Student Federation of Côte d’Ivoire (Fédération Estudiantine et Scolaire de Côte d’Ivoire) |
| FIS | Islamic Salvation Front (Front Islamique du Salut) (Algeria) |
| FLC | Front for the Liberation of Congo (Front de Libération du Congo) (Democratic Republic of Congo) |
| FLN | National Liberation Front (Front de Libération Nationale) (Algeria) |
| FPI | Ivoirian Popular Front (Front Populaire Ivoirien) |
| FRCI | Republican Forces of Côte d’Ivoire (Forces Républicaines de Côte d’Ivoire) |
| G7 | Group of Seven |
| G8 | Group of Eight |
| G20 | Group of Twenty |
| GHI | Global Health Initiative (United States) |
| GIA | Armed Islamic Group (Groupe Islamique Armé) (Algeria) |
| GPOI | Global Peace Operations Initiative (United States) |
| GSPC | Salafist Group for Preaching and Combat (Groupe Salafiste pour la Prédication et le Combat) (Algeria) |
| ICC | International Criminal Court |
| ICGLR | International Conference on the Great Lakes Region |
| ICJ | International Commission of Jurists |
| ICU | Islamic Courts Union (Somalia) |
| IGAD |
|