Ecclesial Solidarity in the Pauline Corpus. James T. Hughes
Thucydides writes that, due to the machinations of Alcibiades, the Lacedaemonians expressed different views in council and in assembly.
171. Thucydides, History 8.94.
172. Thucydides, History 8.97.
173. Thucydides, History 1.87.
174. Thucydides, History 2.22, because of Pericles’s fear of the decision that the assembly would make.
175. Thucydides, History 6.51.
176. See Harsh, Handbook of Classical Drama, 264–66, for brief comments on Aristophanes’s style. Harsh dates his productive period between 427 and 388 BC.
177. Aristophanes, Ach. 19, where it is the day of assembly, but the Pnyx is deserted; Ach. 28, where the protagonist is first into the assembly whilst other lag; Eq., 936, where the assembly waits.
178. Aristophanes, Ach. 56; Eq., 305, where the chorus sings of the pollution of the assembly.
179. Aristophanes, Ach. 169, where the assembly about the Thracians pay; see also Plut. 725, where the assembly as place of Athenian business, and Plut. 950, where the assembly contrasted with council.
180. Aristophanes, Eq. 746, where Demos is exhorted to convene an assembly.
181. Aristophanes, Ach. 173.
182. See for example Aristophanes, Vesp. 32, where the verb is used of assembling of sheep, in the Pnyx, to be addressed by a pig.
183. See Aristophanes, Thesm. 277, an assembly of women at the festival (to try Euripides); also 301–4, 376. In Eccl., the women are planning to sneak into the assembly to ensure proper decisions are made; see, for example, 89. The same assembly is in view in 20, 270, 289, 352, 376, 490, 501, 548 (with comments about payment), and 740.
184. Aristophanes, Eccl. 549–50.
185. See Tuplin, “Xenophon,” 1628–29, for Xenophon’s life between c. 430 and c. 362 BC.
186. Xenophon, Hell. 1.7 the assembly is the place for deciding disputes; in 1.4 and 6.5, it is the place for decision making; 1.7, assembly called (also 2.2 and 6.5); 1.7 and 5.2, testimony before assembly; 1.7, assembly being persuaded; 2.4, assembly dismissed.
187. Xenophon, Hell. 6.4, Lacedaemonian assembly; 1.6 Milesian assembly.
188. Xenophon, Hell. 1.1 (twice), assembly of troops. Xenophon, Anab. 1.3, 4; 5.6.
189. Xenophon, Mem. 4.4; Apol. 20.6.
190. In Xenophon, Hell. 1.7, the assembly is the place for sorting disputes, but decision-making is delayed because of the lateness of hour, and a new proposal from the Senate is considered for the following day. Also, in 1.7, decisions of a former assembly are referenced (similarly in 2.1 and 2.2), and supporters are being sneaked into the assembly. 2.2 also sees the assembly in action, and in 3.2, Xenophon describes the assembly as angry; in 6.5.36.6, there is uproar in the assembly. In 3.3, Xenophon notes when the “little assembly” was not called. See also Xenophon, Mem. 3.7, where the assembly is made up of tradesmen.
191. Xenophon, Hell. 1.4, βουλή, and ἐκκλησία
192. Annas, “Plato,” 1190–91, notes that the precise order and dating of Plato’s writings is difficult; however, they can be dated to the first half of the fourth century BC, as Plato lived c. 429–347 BC.
193. TLG lists seventeen, of which at least three are probably spurious, for which see also Annas, “Plato,” 1190. In addition to those mentioned here, see Plato, Gorg. 456b, 481e; Plato, Prot. 319b; Plato, Leg. 764a, 850b; Plato, Apol. 25a.
194. So Plato, Apol. 25a; Plato, Gorg. 452e. See Liddell et al., Greek-English Lexicon, 509, for two occurrences in Aristotle: Pol. 1275a and Rhet. 1354b.
195. Plato, Euthyd. 290a; Plato, Resp. 492b.
196. The ten Attic Orators are Aeschines, Andocides, Antiphon, Demosthenes, Dinarchus, Hypereides, Isaeus, Isocrates, Lycurgus, and Lysias, and cover a period of approximately 120 years, the “Golden Age” of Greek rhetoric. See Carey, “Attic Orators,” 212.
197. Although note Demosthenes, Cor. 213, assembly of Thebans; Aeschines, Tim. 180, assembly of Lacedaemonians.
198. See, for example, Demosthenes, Cor. 143; Demosthenes, Fals leg. 53; Demosthenes, Mid. 13, 197; Demosthenes, Timocr.11; Demosthenes, Exord. 6.1; 14.1; 34.1, 2; 47.3. See also Isocrates, De pace 25, 66, 68; and Isocrates, Big. 7; Andocides, On the Mysteries, 11, 82; Aeschines, Tim. 81, 180; Aeschines, Fals. leg., 82–83, 85; Dinarchus, Demosth. 95.
199. Demosthenes, Timocr. 23; 1 Aristog. 50.4.
200. Demosthenes, Timocr. 97 records the need for tax for the expenses of assembly, of religious services, and of the βουλή.
201. In Demosthenes, Aristocr. 31, the assembly is the place of arrest, whilst in Demosthenes, 3 Philip. 1, the assembly is the place for denouncing wrongs of Philip. See also Demosthenes, Cor. 132; Demosthenes, Mid. 163, 193–94, 197. Finally, see Aeschines, Tim. 60, where deeds are exposed before the whole town in the assembly.
202. Demosthenes, Cor. 37 (see Demosthenes, Demosthenes). Emphasis added. The same distinction can be seen in Demosthenes, Cor. 73, 169 (where the council goes to the council houses, and the assembly to the place of assembly). See also Demosthenes, Timocr. 11; Aeschines, Ctes. 125.
203.