Russian Cyber Operations. Scott Jasper
50, 51.
27.“The Russian Federation’s National Security Strategy,” Russian Federation Presidential Edict 683, full-text translation, December 31, 2015, http://www.ieee.es/Galerias/fichero/OtrasPublicaciones/ Internacional/2016/Russian-National-Security-Strategy-31Dec2015.pdf.
28.Mark Galeotti, “Russia’s New National Security Strategy: Familiar Themes, Gaudy Rhetoric,” War on the Rocks, January 4, 2016.
29.Defense Intelligence Agency, “Russia Military Power: Building a Military to Support Great Power Ambitions,” 2017, 17.
30.Roger McDermott, “Russia’s 2015 National Security Strategy,” Eurasia Daily Monitor, January 12, 2016.
31.Oliker, “Unpacking Russia’s New National Security Strategy,” 7.
32.Tracy German, “In with the Old: Russia’s New National Security Strategy,” Defense-in-Depth (blog), King’s College London, January 27, 2016.
33.“Russian Federation’s National Security Strategy,” Presidential Edict 683.
34.German, “In with the Old.”
35.“Russian Federation’s National Security Strategy,” Presidential Edict 683.
36.“Russian Federation’s National Security Strategy.”
37.Chris Miller, “How Russia Survived Sanctions,” Foreign Policy Research Institute, May 14, 2018.
38.Richard Connolly, “Stagnation and Change in the Russian Economy,” Russian Analytical Digest, no. 213 (February 7, 2018): 5.
39.Matt Rosenberg, “Population Decline in Russia,” Thought Co., March 6, 2018, https://www.thoughtco.com/population-decline-in-russia-1435266.
40.Frank Holmes, “Which Has the Bigger Economy: Texas or Russia?,” Great Speculations (blog), Forbes, April 17, 2018.
41.Polina Sinovets and Bettina Renz, “Russia’s 2014 Military Doctrine and Beyond: Threat Perceptions, Capabilities and Ambitions,” in Lasconjarias and Larsen, NATO’s Response to Hybrid Threats, 75.
42.The Military Doctrine of the Russian Federation, Approved by the President, No. Pr.-2976, December 25, 2014, https://www.rusemb.org.uk/press/2029.
43.Military Doctrine of the Russian Federation.
44.Adamsky, “Cross-Domain Coercion,” 31.
45.Thomas Schelling, Arms and Influence (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1966), 71.
46.Schelling, 69–72.
47.Adamsky, “Cross-Domain Coercion,” 33.
48.Brandon Valeriano, Benjamin Jensen, and Ryan C. Maness, Cyber Strategy: The Evolving Character of Power and Coercion (New York: Oxford University Press, 2018), 31.
49.Valeriano, Jensen, and Maness, 35.
50.Binoy Kampmark, “Cyber Warfare between Estonia and Russia,” Contemporary Review (Autumn 2007): 288.
51.“Europe: A Cyber-Riot; Estonia and Russia,” The Economist 383, no. 8528 (May 12, 2007): 42.
52.Rebecca Grant, Victory in Cyberspace, special report, Air Force Association, October 2007, 5.
53.Grant, 7.
54.Merike Kao, “Cyber Attacks on Estonia: Short Synopsis,” Double Shot Security, 2007, 4.
55.“International: Newly Nasty; Cyberwarfare,” The Economist 383, no. 8530 (May 26, 2007): 76.
56.Joshua Davis, “Hackers Take Down the Most Wired Country in Europe,” Wired, August 21, 2017.
57.Andreas Schmidt, “The Estonian Cyberattacks,” in A Fierce Domain: Conflict in Cyberspace, 1986 to 2012, ed. Jason Healey (Washington, DC: Cyber Conflict Studies Association, 2013), 176–77.
58.Schmidt, 176–77.
59.Eneken Tikk, Kadri Kaska, and Liis Vihul, International Cyber Incidents: Legal Considerations (Tallinn: NATO CCD COE Publications, 2010), 18.
60.Tikk, Kaska, and Vihul, 19.
61.Michael Connell and Sarah Vogler, “Russia’s Approach to Cyber Warfare,” CNA, March 2017, 14.
62.Jose Nazario, “DDoS Attacks: A Summary to Date,” Arbor Networks, May 17, 2007.
63.Iain Thomson, “Russia ‘Hired Botnets’ for Estonia Cyber-War,” Computing United Kingdom, May 31, 2007.
64.Rain Ottis, “Overview of Events,” CCD COE Activation Team, May 15, 2007.
65.Schmidt, “Estonian Cyberattacks,” 181.
66.Davis,