Russian Cyber Operations. Scott Jasper
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69.Tikk, Kaska, and Vihul, 23.
70.Patrick Jackson, “The Cyber Raiders Hitting Estonia,” BBC News, May 17, 2007.
71.Charles Clover, “Kremlin-Backed Group behind Estonia Cyber Blitz,” Financial Times, March 11, 2009.
72.Thomson, “Russia ‘Hired Botnets.’”
73.Connell and Vogler, “Russia’s Approach to Cyber Warfare,” 15.
74.Christopher Rhoads, “Cyber Attack Vexes Estonia, Poses Debate,” Wall Street Journal, May 18, 2007.
75.Michael N. Schmitt, Tallinn Manual on the International Law Applicable to Cyber Warfare (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013), 58.
76.Schmitt, 58.
77.Schmitt, “Cyber Operations in International Law,” 156.
78.Schmitt, 157.
79.Michael N. Schmitt, ed., Tallinn Manual 2.0 on the International Law Applicable to Cyber Operations, 2nd ed. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017), 382.
80.Tikk, Kaska, and Vihul, International Cyber Incidents, 27.
81.Tikk, Kaska, and Vihul, 27.
82.Paul Cornish et al., On Cyber Warfare (London: Chatham House, November 10, 2010), vii.
83.Cornish et al., vii.
84.East West Institute, “Russia: U.S. Bilateral on Cybersecurity; Critical Terminology Foundations,” April 2011.
85.Gen. James E. Cartwright, USMC, vice chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, “Joint Terminology for Cyberspace Operations,” memorandum, 2011, 8.
86.Keir Giles, Information Troops: A Russian Cyber Command? (Tallinn: NATO CCD COE Publications, 2011).
87.Roy Allison, “Russia Resurgent? Moscow’s Campaign to Coerce Georgia to Peace,” International Affairs 84, no. 6 (2008): 1151–52.
88.Ariel Cohen and Robert E. Hamilton, “The Russian Military and the Georgia War: Lessons and Implications,” Strategic Studies Institute, June 2011, 1–4.
89.Cohen and Hamilton, 13–18.
90.John Markoff, “Before the Gunfire, Cyberattacks,” New York Times, August 12, 2008.
91.Stephen W. Korns, “Botnets Outmaneuvered,” Armed Forces Journal, January 2009, 26.
92.Steven Adair, “Georgian Attacks: Remember Estonia?,” Calendar (blog), Shadowserver Foundation, August 13, 2008.
93.Adair.
94.Beehner et al., “Analyzing the Russian Way of War,” 38–42.
95.Beehner et al., 44–46.
96.David Smith, “How Russia Harnesses Cyber Warfare,” American Foreign Policy Council, Defense Dossier
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