Understanding Clinical Papers. David Bowers
href="#ulink_6d956cb6-152c-5dce-9417-19361b12ce6d">THE NATURE OF SAMPLES IN QUALITATIVE RESEARCH SAMPLE SIZE IN QUALITATIVE RESEARCH SAMPLING FOR QUALITATIVE RESEARCH CHAPTER 16: Identifying and Defining Cases CHAPTER 17: Controls and Comparisons
11 PART IV: Establishing the Facts: Starting with Basic Observations CHAPTER 18: Identifying the Characteristics of Quantitative Data TYPES OF VARIABLE – TYPES OF DATA IDENTIFYING DATA TYPE SHAPES OF DISTRIBUTIONS CHAPTER 19: Summarizing the Characteristics of Quantitative Data SUMMARY MEASURES OF LOCATION SUMMARY MEASURES OF SPREAD CHAPTER 20: Identifying and Summarising the Characteristics of Qualitative Data CHAPTER 21: Measuring the Characteristics of Participants INFORMATION AND MEASUREMENT BIAS BIAS ARISING FROM MISSING VALUES CHAPTER 22: Measuring the Characteristics of Participants CHAPTER 23: Diagnostic Tests THE MEASURES THE SENSITIVITY VERSUS SPECIFICITY TRADE‐OFF – THE RECEIVER OPERATING CHARACTERISTIC (ROC) CURVE CHAPTER 24: Measurement Scales THE MEASUREMENT PROBLEM WHAT ARE MEASUREMENT SCALES? WHEN AUTHORS USE DATA FROM MEASUREMENT SCALES DEVELOPMENT OF A NEW MEASUREMENT SCALE SCALE CONSTRUCTION DESIRABLE PROPERTIES OF SCALES CHAPTER 25: Exploring and Explaining
12 PART V: Establishing More of the Facts: Some Common Ways of Describing Results CHAPTER 26: Fractions, Proportions, and Rates CHAPTER 27: Risks and Odds RISK ODDS CHAPTER 28: Ratios of Risks and Odds RISK RATIO ODDS RATIO CLINICAL TRIALS AND ‘NUMBERS NEEDED TO TREAT'
13 PART VI: Analysing the Data: Estimation and Hypothesis Testing CHAPTER 29: Confidence Intervals for Means, Proportions, and Medians WHAT IS A CONFIDENCE INTERVAL? CONFIDENCE INTERVALS FOR DIFFERENCES IN TWO MEANS CONFIDENCE INTERVALS AND CLINICAL EFFECTIVENESS CONFIDENCE INTERVALS FOR DIFFERENCES IN TWO PERCENTAGES CONFIDENCE INTERVALS FOR DIFFERENCES IN TWO MEDIANS CHAPTER 30: Confidence Intervals for Ratios CONFIDENCE INTERVALS FOR ODDS RATIOS CONFIDENCE INTERVALS FOR RISK RATIOS CONFIDENCE INTERVALS FOR HAZARD RATIOS CHAPTER 31: Testing Hypotheses – The p‐value ASSESSING THE EVIDENCE AGAINST THE HYPOTHESIS – THE P‐VALUE MAKING THE WRONG DECISION – TYPES OF ERROR HYPOTHESIS TESTS AND CONFIDENCE INTERVALS COMPARED TWO‐TAILED VERSUS ONE‐TAILED TESTS MATCHED VERSUS INDEPENDENT GROUPS TRANSFORMING DATA FINALLY
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PART VII: Analysing the Data: Multivariable Methods
CHAPTER 32: Measuring Association
MEASURING ASSOCIATION
THE CORRELATION COEFFICIENT
CHAPTER 33: Measuring Agreement
MEASURING AGREEMENT WITH NOMINAL DATA
INTERPRETING κ
AGREEMENT WITH ORDINAL DATA: WEIGHTED κ
MEASURING AGREEMENT WITH METRIC DATA
CHAPTER 34: Linear Regression
WHY REGRESSION?
LINEAR REGRESSION
ESTIMATING THE REGRESSION COEFFICIENTS – ORDINARY LEAST SQUARES ESTIMATION
MEASURING THE STATISTICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF THE REGRESSION PARAMETERS
MODEL‐BUILDING AND VARIABLE SELECTION
AUTOMATED