Understanding Clinical Papers. David Bowers

      This edition first published 2021

      © 2021 John Wiley & Sons Ltd

      Edition History John Wiley & Sons (3e,2013)

      All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by law. Advice on how to obtain permission to reuse material from this title is available at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions.

      The right of David Bowers, Allan House, David Owens and Bridgette Bewick to be identified as the authors of this work has been asserted in accordance with law.

      Registered Offices John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK

      Editorial Office 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ, UK

      For details of our global editorial offices, customer services, and more information about Wiley products visit us at www.wiley.com.

      Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats and by print‐on‐demand. Some content that appears in standard print versions of this book may not be available in other formats.

      Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty The contents of this work are intended to further general scientific research, understanding, and discussion only and are not intended and should not be relied upon as recommending or promoting scientific method, diagnosis, or treatment by physicians for any particular patient. In view of ongoing research, equipment modifications, changes in governmental regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to the use of medicines, equipment, and devices, the reader is urged to review and evaluate the information provided in the package insert or instructions for each medicine, equipment, or device for, among other things, any changes in the instructions or indication of usage and for added warnings and precautions. While the publisher and authors have used their best efforts in preparing this work, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this work and specifically disclaim all warranties, including without limitation any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives, written sales materials or promotional statements for this work. The fact that an organization, website, or product is referred to in this work as a citation and/or potential source of further information does not mean that the publisher and authors endorse the information or services the organization, website, or product may provide or recommendations it may make. This work is sold with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a specialist where appropriate. Further, readers should be aware that websites listed in this work may have changed or disappeared between when this work was written and when it is read. Neither the publisher nor authors shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages.

       Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication Data

      Names: Bowers, David, 1938– author. | House, Allan, author. | Owens, David, 1954– author. | Bewick, Bridgette, author.

      Title: Understanding clinical papers / David Bowers, Allan House, David Owens, Bridgette Bewick.

      Description: Fourth edition. | Hoboken, NJ : John Wiley & Sons, Inc., [2021] | Includes bibliographical references and index.

      Identifiers: LCCN 2020024728 (print) | LCCN 2020024729 (ebook) | ISBN 9781119573166 (paperback) | ISBN 9781119572855 (adobe pdf) | ISBN 9781119573142 (epub)

      Subjects: MESH: Medical Writing–standards | Journalism, Medical | Reading

      Classification: LCC R119 (print) | LCC R119 (ebook) | NLM WZ 345 | DDC 808.06/661–dc23

      LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020024728 LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020024729

      Cover Design: Wiley

      Cover Images: row of samples © Andrew Brookes/Getty Images, Stethoscope and digital tablet © Jamie Grill/Getty Images, Complete heart block © Keetapong Pongtipakorn/Shutterstock