.
Hill, North Carolina 27514
Daniel S. Shapiro, M.D.
Professor and H. Edward Manville, Jr. Endowed Chair of Internal Medicine Department of Internal Medicine–Reno University of Nevada School of Medicine Reno, Nevada 89502
Melissa B. Miller, Ph.D.
Director, Clinical Molecular Microbiology Laboratory Associate Director, Clinical Microbiology-Immunology Laboratories University of North Carolina Health Care
Associate Professor, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine University of North Carolina School of Medicine Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7525
Copyright © 2014 American Society for Microbiology. ASM Press is a registered trademark of the American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in whole or in part or reutilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.
Disclaimer: To the best of the publisher’s knowledge, this publication provides information concerning the subject matter covered that is accurate as of the date of publication. The publisher is not providing legal, medical, or other professional services. Any reference herein to any specific commercial products, procedures, or services by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not constitute or imply endorsement, recommendation, or favored status by the American Society for Microbiology (ASM). The views and opinions of the author(s) expressed in this publication do not necessarily state or reflect those of ASM, and they shall not be used to advertise or endorse any product.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Gilligan, Peter H., 1951- author.
Cases in medical microbiology and infectious diseases / by Peter H. Gilligan, Ph.D., Director, Clinical Microbiology-Immunology Laboratories, University of North Carolina Hospitals, Professor, Microbiology-Immunology and Pathology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Daniel S. Shapiro, M.D., Professor and H. Edward Manville, Jr. Endowed Chair of Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine - Reno, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada; Melissa B. Miller, Ph.D., Director, Clinical Molecular Microbiology Laboratory, Associate Director, Clinical Microbiology-Immunology Laboratories, University of North Carolina Health Care, Associate Professor, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. -- Fourth edition.
pages cm
Includes index.
ISBN 978-1-55581-868-5 (print) -- ISBN 978-1-55581-867-8 (electronic)
1. Medical microbiology--Case studies. 2. Communicable diseases--Case studies.
I. Shapiro, Daniel S., 1959- author. II. Miller, Melissa Blair, 1972- author. III. Title.
QR46.G493 2014
616.9′041--dc23
2014016700
doi:10.1128/9781555818678
Address editorial correspondence to: ASM Press, 1752 N St., N.W., Washington, DC
20036-2904, USA.
Send orders to: ASM Press, P.O. Box 605, Herndon, VA 20172, USA.
Phone: 800-546-2416; 703-661-1593. Fax: 703-661-1501.
E-mail: [email protected]
Online: http://www.asmscience.org
For Lynn, whose idea this book was.
Peter
To those who have taught me in the areas of infectious diseases and clinical microbiology.
Dan
For my family, who endured many hours of my writing at home.
Melissa
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We would like to thank Claire Kendig for updating the excellent glossary originally compiled by Charles Upchurch, Susan Gibbs, and Paul Walden. She added over 350 new terms for this edition. Many people at UNC Hospitals gathered clinical information and material for us, especially Alan Kerr, Melissa Jones, Amy Sweeney, Sonia Allen, and Eric Weimer. We thank several people who took original photographs, including Billy Williams, Kevin Alby, Vincent Moylan, and Anthony Tran.
We are grateful for the generosity of many people who supplied cases for this edition of the book. We particularly would like to thank Natalie Bowman and Christopher Lippincott for providing specific cases seen during their fellowship. We also thank colleagues at other institutions who supplied images and cases, especially Joan Barenfanger for the Ehrlichia photos; Lynne Garcia for the Trichomonas and Giardia figures; Krishnan Parayth for the photos of the coccidioidomycosis patient; Thomas Treadwell for the dengue case and selected patient photos; Charles Krasner for the syphilis case; and Svetlana Shalfeeva for the hantavirus case. We thank Alison Holmes and Fiona Cooke for their contributions toward making the Table of Normal Values relevant to health care professionals who work with units that are not commonly in use in the United States. We are grateful to the authors of Color Atlas of Medical Microbiology, Second Edition—Luis M. de la Maza, Marie Pezzlo, Janet Shigei, Grace L. Tan, and Ellena M. Peterson—who graciously allowed us to use figures from that excellent text.
We especially want to recognize Traci Briggs who trouble-shot editing issues and masterfully managed the flow of information between the authors and ASM Press. We would like to thank Mark C. Via for excellent copyediting. We would particularly like to thank Ellie Tupper, ASM Press, for overseeing this project with diligence, good humor, encouragement, and superior organizational skills.
Finally, to the many patients and their families from whom we learned, thank you. Any shortcomings in this text are solely the responsibility of the authors.
INTRODUCTION
TO THE FOURTH EDITION
It has been almost a decade since the 3rd edition of this text was published. Much has happened in the world of infectious diseases during this time. First, there has been recognition that the problems of infectious diseases are truly global and that infectious diseases in one part of the world can be quickly transmitted to another. Prime examples of this were the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), the 2009 H1N1 influenza A virus outbreak, and multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacilli (MDR-GNB). Genes for multidrug resistance can be carried on extrachromosomal genetic elements, facilitating the spread of these drug resistance determinants to highly virulent organisms such as was seen in the Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) outbreak due to the O104 serotype in Germany in 2011. These emerging pathogens are literally a plane ride away, no matter where they are found globally, and can be disseminated worldwide in a matter of days to weeks.
MDR-GNB, environmental mycobacteria, and molds are emerging as important pathogens in the ever-expanding population of immunocompromised hosts. These organisms, although of comparatively low virulence when compared to highly adapted human pathogens such as Streptococcus pneumoniae or group A streptococci, have distinct characteristics that make them very worrisome. First, they have evolved over millions of years, adapting to harsh environments which contain antimicrobial molecules. As a