Fundamentals of Heat Engines. Jamil Ghojel

Fundamentals of Heat Engines

sciences such as thermodynamics, engineering mechanics, fluid mechanics, chemistry (more specifically, thermochemistry), etc. In this book, gas turbine engine theory, which is based on the same engineering principles, is combined with piston engine theory to form a single comprehensive tool for teaching mechanical, aerospace, and automotive engineering in entry‐ and advanced‐level undergraduate courses and entry‐level energy‐related postgraduate courses. Practicing engineers in industry may also find some of the material in the book beneficial.

The book comprises 3 parts, 15 chapters, and 4 appendices. The first chapter in Part I is a review of some principles of engineering science, and the second chapter covers a wide range of thermochemistry topics. The contribution of engineering science to heat engine theory is fundamental and is manifested over the entire energy‐conversion chain, as this figure shows.

Part II covers theoretical aspects of the reciprocating piston engine starting with simple air‐standard cycles, followed by theoretical cycles of forced induction engines and ending with more realistic cycles that can be used to predict engine performance as a first approximation. Part III on gas turbines also covers cycles with gradually increasing complexity, ending with realistic engine design‐point and off‐design calculation methods.

Representative problems are given at the end of each chapter, and a detailed example of piston‐engine design‐point calculations is given in Appendix C. Also, case studies of design‐point calculations of gas turbine engines are provided in Chapters 12 and 13.

The book can be adopted for mechanical, aerospace, and automotive engineering courses at different levels using selected material from different chapters at the discretion of instructors.

Jamil Ghojel

Glossary

Symbols

AArea, air, Helmholtz functionaAcceleration, speed of sound, correlation coefficientBBulk modulus, correlation coefficient, bypass ratioCGas velocity, molar specific heatcMass specific heat, speed of soundDDiameter, degree of reaction in reaction turbinesETotal energy, utilization factor in reaction turbines, modulus of elasticityFForce, thrust, fuelfSpecific thrustGGibbs free energygGravitational accelerationHEnthalpy, heating value of fuelhSpecific enthalpy, blade heightIMoment of inertiaiNumber of cylindersjNumber of strokesKDegrees Kelvin, equilibrium constant, force, mole ratio of hydrogen to carbon monoxideLLengthlLength, blade lengthMQuantity in moles, Mach number, moment of forcemMass

Mass flow rateNRotational speed in revolution per minute, forcenPolytropic index (exponent), number of molespPressure, cylinder gas pressureQHeat transfer, forceqSpecific heat transfer

Rate of heat transferRRadius, gas constant, crank radius

Universal gas constantrPressure ratioSEntropy, strokesSpecific entropyTAbsolute temperature, torque, fundamental dimension of timetTime, temperatureUInternal energy, blade speeduSpecific internal energyVVolume, velocity, relative velocityvSpecific volume, piston speedWWork

PowerwSpecific work, blade row width, rate of heat releasexDistance, mass fraction, number of carbon atoms in a fuel, cumulative heat release

Linear velocity

Linear accelerationyNumber of hydrogen atoms in a fuelzNumber of oxygen atoms in a fuel, height above datum

Greek Symbols

αAngle, pressure ratio in constant‐volume combustion, angular accelerationβAngle, volume ratio in constant‐pressure combustionγRatio of specific heats, V‐angle (engine crank)ΔSymbol for differenceδExpansion ratio in an engine cylinderεCompression ratio (volume ratio)εHeat‐exchanger effectivenessηEfficiencyθAngle, crank angle

Angular velocity

Angular accelerationκCompressibilityλRelative air‐fuel ratioμDynamic viscosity, coefficient of molecular changeνKinematic viscosityΠNon‐dimensional groupρDensity, volume ratio during heat rejection at constant volume (generalized air‐standard cycle)σStress, rounding‐off coefficient in piston engine cyclesτRatio of crank radius to connecting rod lengthφFlow coefficient, crank angle (Wiebe function), equivalence ratioϕAngle (Wiebe function), heat utilization coefficientψLoading coefficient, coefficient of molar changeωAngular velocity, degree of cooling

Subscripts

aAir, actual, total volumebBrakeCCarbon mass fraction in liquid or solid fuelcCompressor, clearance (volume), crankcomCompressor (volume ratio)cpCrank pincrCriticalctCompressor turbinecwCrank webeexitfFuel, frictional, formationgGas, gravimetricHHydrogen mass fraction in liquid or solid fuelhHigheriInlet, intake, indicated, species, inertialLiquid, lowermMeanNNitrogen mole fraction in gaseous fuelnNozzleOMass fraction of oxygen in liquid or solid fuelPProduct of combustionpPiston, propulsivepcCompressor polytropic efficiencyppPiston pinptTurbine polytropic efficiency, power turbineRReactants (air plus fuel)rRod (connecting rod)SSulfur mass fraction in liquid or solid fuelsIsentropic, stoichiometric, swept (volume)tTurbine, total (stagnation) conditionwWhirl (velocity)

Superscripts

gGravimetricReference state (pressure)vVolumetric

Abbreviations

A/FAir‐fuel ratioAFTAdiabatic flame temperatureBDCBottom dead centrecaCrank angleCICompression ignitionF/AFuel‐air ratiobmepBrake mean effective pressureGTGas turbinebsfcBrake specific fuel consumptionimepIndicated mean effective pressureICEInternal combustion engineisfcIndicated specific fuel consumptionmepMean effective pressureNINatural‐induction (engine)ReReynolds numberrpmRevolutions per minuteSISpark ignitionTDCTop dead centreTETTurbine entry temperature

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Fundamentals of Heat Engines. Jamil Ghojel