Secondary Metabolites of Medicinal Plants. Bharat Singh

Secondary Metabolites of Medicinal Plants - Bharat Singh


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Kumar, S., Sankar, P., and Varatharajan, R. (2009). Anti-inflammatory activity of roots of Achyranthes aspera. Pharm. Biol. 47: 973–975.

      104 Wang, Q.J., Zheng, L.P., Sima, Y.H. et al. (2013). Methyl jasmonate stimulates 20-hydroxyecdysone production in cell suspension cultures of Achyranthes bidentata. POJ 6: 116–120.

      105 Wang, C., Hua, D., and Yan, C. (2015). Structural characterization and antioxidant activities of a novel fructan from Achyranthes bidentata Blume, a famous medicinal plant in China. Ind. Crop Prod. 70: 427–434.

      106 Wang, C., Zhang, D., Zhang, M. et al. (2017). Structural characterization of a novel oligosaccharide from Achyranthes bidentata and its anti-osteoporosis activities. Ind. Crop Prod. 108: 458–469.

      107 Xu, X.-X., Zhang, X.-H., Diao, Y., and Huang, Y.-X. (2017). Achyranthes bidentate saponins protect rat articular chondrocytes against interleukin-1β-induced inflammation and apoptosis in vitro. Kaohsiung J. Med. Sci. 33: 62–68.

      108 Zhang, R., Hu, S.-J., Li, C. et al. (2012). Achyranthes bidentata root extract prevent OVX-induced osteoporosis in rats. J. Ethnopharmacol. 139: 12–18.

      109 Zhang, S., Zhang, Q., Zhang, D. et al. (2018). Anti-osteoporosis activity of a novel Achyranthes bidentata polysaccharide via stimulating bone formation. Carbohydr. Polym. 184: 288–298.

      2.4.1 Ethnopharmacological Properties and Phytochemistry

      Adhatoda vasica syn. Justicia adhatoda syn. Adhatoda zeylanica (Medic.) (Fam. – Acanthaceae) is a medicinal plant native to Asia, widely used in Siddha, Ayurvedic, and Unani systems of medicine as well as in homeopathy. The plant genus is distributed in Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, Malaysia, China, and Panama. Leaf infusion is considered as an excellent agent for the eradication of white ants, flies, and mosquitoes and used to relieve to headache (Gamble 1902; Jayaweera 1981; Khursheed et al. 2010). The boiled leaf extract along with fruit powder of Phyllanthus emblica, mixed with honey, is used in asthma treatment (Khan and Yadava 2010). The fresh leaf juice is added to honey and ginger juice and used as remedy for cough, chronic bronchitis, and asthma (Ahmed et al. 2007). Leaf juice is prescribed in malarial fever (Manandhar 1991). Bruised fresh leaves are used to treat snake bites (Roberts 1931). Paste is prepared from fresh root and is applied on the abdomen and vagina, minutes before childbirth for easy delivery (Hussain and Hore 2007). The root is useful as an expectorant and antispasmodic, and the infusion is used as an anthelmintic. Fresh flowers are used in high fever and gonorrhea (Ahmad and Javed 2007). The leaves and flowers possess expectorant and anti-asthmatic properties (Malhotra 1996). The fruits are recommended for the relief from cold, antispasmodic, and bronchitis (Atta et al. 1986).

      Amino acids play significant roles in catalyzing the reactions of secondary metabolism in plants (Pratelli and Pilot 2014). It has been reported that methyl jasmonate increases the accumulation of amino acids in suspension cultures of Scrophularia striata (Sadeghnezhad et al. 2016). Methionine and aspartic acid were added as elicitors in the cell suspension cultures of Nicotiana tabacum and showed twofold increase (serine, glutamic acid, aspartic acid) in accumulation of free amino acids (Dougall 1965). With feeding of NaCl and CoCl2, the cell cultures of Mesembryanthemum crystallinum and Zea mays maintained 5% extra synthesis of proline as well as total amino acids (Thomas et al. 1992; Jaleel et al. 2009).


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