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nicotinamide phosphoribosyl transferase
NEAT
non-exercise activity thermogenesis
NEFA
non-esterified fatty acid
NHS DPP
NHS Diabetes Prevention Programme
NIDDM
non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
NPC1L1
Niemann-Pick C1-like protein 1
NPR-A
natriuretic peptide-A receptor
NPY
neuropeptide Y
OMM
outer mitochondrial membrane
PAMPs
pathogen-associated molecular patterns
PCSK9
proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9
PDC
pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
PDH
pyruvate dehydrogenase
PDX1
pancreatic and duodenal homeobox 1
PET
positron emission tomography
PFK
phosphofructokinase
PGC
PPAR-γ co-activator
Pi, PPi
inorganic phosphate, pyrophosphate
PKA
protein kinase-A (cAMP-dependent protein kinase)
PKC
protein kinase-C
PKG
protein kinase-G (cGMP-dependent protein kinase)
POMC
pro-opiomelanocortin
PPAR
peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor
PPI
proton pump inhibitor
PTHrP
parathyroid hormone-related protein
RAAS
renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
RAGE
receptor for advanced glycation end-products
RAS
renin-angiotensin system
REE
resting energy expenditure
RER
respiratory exchange ratio
ROS
reactive oxygen species
RQ
respiratory quotient
RXR
retinoid X receptor
SCN
suprachiasmatic nucleus
SGLT
sodium-glucose cotransporter
SIRS
systemic inflammatory response syndrome
SNP
single-nucleotide polymorphism
SOS
Swedish Obesity Study
SR
scavenger receptor
SREBP (-1c, -2)
sterol regulatory element binding protein (1c, 2)
STAT
Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription
T3
tri-iodothyronine
T4
thyroxine
TAG or TG
triacylglycerol
TCA (cycle)
tricarboxylic acid (cycle)
TEE
total energy expenditure
TICE
trans-intestinal cholesterol efflux
TNFα
tumour necrosis factor-α
TNFR1, TNFRSF1A
TNF receptors
TR
thyroid hormone receptor
TSH
thyroid stimulating hormone
TTO (loop)
transcription translation oscillating loop
TZD
thiazolidinedione
UCP1,2,3
uncoupling protein 1, 2, 3
UDP-GlcNAc
uridine diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine
UKPDS
United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study
USF-1
upstream stimulatory factor-1
VCO2
rate of CO2 production
VLDL
very-low-density lipoprotein
V
max
maximal velocity of a reaction
VO2 (max)
(maximal) rate of O2 consumption
About the companion website
This book is accompanied by a companion website:
www.wiley.com/go/frayn
The website includes:
PowerPoint slides of all the figures in the book for downloading
Multiple choice questions
Key learning points
Further reading
CHAPTER 1 The underlying principles of human metabolism
Key learning points
We eat food. We expend energy doing exercise, sleeping, just being. What happens to the food between it entering our mouths and its being used for energy? That’s what metabolism (at least, so far as this book is concerned) is all about.
In order to cover the periods when we are not eating,
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