Biostatistics Decoded. A. Gouveia Oliveira
of the use of contrasts.Figure 12.14 Data for exemplifying the test of a linear contrast.Figure 12.15 ANOVA from the test of a linear contrast.Figure 12.16 Examples of orthogonal contrasts and ANOVA table of the simulta...Figure 12.17 Coefficients of orthogonal contrast for three, four, and five g...Figure 12.18 ANOVA table of the test of non‐orthogonal contrasts.
13 Chapter 13Figure 13.1 Layout of a 3 × 3 × 2 factorial design.Figure 13.2 ANOVA table of the data in Figure 13.1.Figure 13.3 Interaction ARB × CCB. The differences in the means of the depen...Figure 13.4 Design matrices for 22 and 23 factorial designs.Figure 13.5 Initial analysis matrix for 22 and 23 factorial designs.Figure 13.6 Analysis matrix for the 23 factorial design of Figure 13.5 after...Figure 13.7 Illustration of the steps in the creation of the design matrix f...Figure 13.8 Final design matrix with center points (to the left) and the lay...Figure 13.9 Results of the experiment of the example in Figure 13.8.Figure 13.10 ANOVA table of the experiment illustrated in Figure 13.9.Figure 13.11 Multiple regression of the experiment illustrated in Figure 13....Figure 13.12 Procedure for creating the design matrix for a 23 factorial exp...Figure 13.13 Design matrix of a full 23 factorial design and an alternative ...Figure 13.14 Procedure for creating a 23−1 factorial design.
14 Chapter 14Figure 14.1 Scheme of a restricted randomization: for each level of factor A...Figure 14.2 Scheme of the allocation process of the experimental units to th...Figure 14.3 Layout of a split–plot design.Figure 14.4 ANOVA table of a split–plot design.Figure 14.5 Nested design.Figure 14.6 Scheme of the process of allocation of the experimental units to...Figure 14.7 Results of an experiment with a nested design, with cages nested...Figure 14.8 Determination of expected mean squares in a mixed model nested A...Figure 14.9 ANOVA table for the data in Figure 14.7.Figure 14.10 Results of an experiment with a mixed model nested design.Figure 14.11 Nested ANOVA table of the data in Figure 14.10.Figure 14.12 Results of an experiment with a model II nested design.Figure 14.13 Determination of the expected mean squares in pure model II nes...Figure 14.14 Model II nested ANOVA table of the data in Figure 14.12.
15 Chapter 15Figure 15.1 Verification of the sphericity assumption: the variances of the ...Figure 15.2 Covariance matrix (left) and centered covariance matrix (right) ...Figure 15.3 Two‐way ANOVA table of the data in Figure 15.2.Figure 15.4 Layout of an experiment with two factors and repeated measuremen...Figure 15.5 Table of the two‐way ANOVA of the data in Figure 15.4.Figure 15.6 Steps in the definition of the expected mean squares and error t...
16 Chapter 16Figure 16.1 Diagram of a controlled clinical trial.Figure 16.2 Uses of placebo for maintaining double‐blinding. The placebo is ...Figure 16.3 Randomization methods used in controlled clinical trials.Figure 16.4 Concealed randomization using opaque envelopes.Figure 16.5 The one‐group post‐test‐only design.Figure 16.6 The one‐group pre‐test/post‐test design.Figure 16.7 The one‐group pre‐test/post‐test with double pre‐test design.Figure 16.8 The one‐group pre‐test/post‐test with a non‐equivalent dependent...Figure 16.9 The removed‐treatment design.Figure 16.10 The repeated‐treatment design.Figure 16.11 Illustration of the phenomenon of regression toward the mean. T...Figure 16.12 The non‐equivalent groups with post‐test‐only design.Figure 16.13 The non‐equivalent groups with pre‐test and post‐test design.Figure 16.14 The non‐equivalent groups with double pre‐test and post‐test de...Figure 16.15 The non‐equivalent groups using pre‐test and post‐test with swi...Figure 16.16 The parallel group design.Figure 16.17 The crossover design.Figure 16.18 The 2 × 2 factorial design.Figure 16.19 Randomized withdrawal design. In the first period, all trial su...Figure 16.20 Delayed start design. In the first period, trial subjects are r...Figure 16.21 Illustration of the results of a delayed start design with (a) ...Figure 16.22 Designs of cluster randomized trials. Each horizontal bar in th...Figure 16.23 Interpretation of the results of equivalence (left) and non‐inf...Figure 16.24 Testing for non‐inferiority.Figure 16.25 Opportunities for optimization of a clinical trial design: (a) ...Figure 16.26 Nominal p‐values for different methods of defining stopping bou...Figure 16.27 Example of an alpha spending function illustrating two interim ...Figure 16.28 Types of alpha spending functions: Pocock type (gray line) and ...Figure 16.29 Illustration of a sequence of interim analyses in a clinical tr...
17 Chapter 17Figure 17.1 Several populations that can be identified in a clinical trial....Figure 17.2 Study populations eligible for analysis.Figure 17.3 Serial and parallel gatekeeping strategies.
18 Chapter 18Figure 18.1 Data to illustrate the calculations of the heterogeneity test in...Figure 18.2 Data to illustrate the calculations of the inverse variance meth...Figure 18.3 Rationale of the fixed and random effects models in meta‐analysi...Figure 18.4 Data for the illustration of the DerSimonian–Laird method.Figure 18.5 L’Abbé plot: solid line, line of equality; dashed line, meta‐ana...Figure 18.6 Galbraith plot for the detection of heterogeneity.Figure 18.7 Funnel plot for the identification of publication bias: solid li...Figure 18.8 Begg’s test: (a) absence of publication bias; (b) presence of pu...Figure 18.9 Egger’s test: (a) absence of publication bias; (b) presence of p...Figure 18.10 Forest plots. The same data analyzed with the fixed effects mod...
Guide
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