THE ABCS OF HUMAN HISTOLOGY. Javier Munoz
Javier Muñoz Moreno
The ABCs of
Human Histology
A pocket guide illustrated
Primera edición: junio 2014
Segunda edición: julio 2020
ISBN: 978-84-1374-334-9
Impresión y encuadernación: Editorial Círculo Rojo
© Del texto: Javier Muñoz Moreno
© Maquetación y diseño: Equipo de Editorial Círculo Rojo
© Imagen de cubierta: Proporcionada por el autor
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Preface
This atlas aims to provide a basic understanding of human histology through simple images, with standard staining haematoxylin and eosin (H&E), carried out by the author autopsies files preparations.
This is an informative atlas, where in few pages and briefly intended as a basic manual dedicated to high school teachers and students, professors and students of medicine and related areas within the learning of human tissues.
An ideal book to review the most essential of the Histology in few hours, basing the study on images.
The photographs were taken by an Olympus BX41 microscope with an Olympus C -5050 camera.
It also has a range of images described by the author in the links:
http://histologiaporjmunoz.blogspot.com/
https://es-es.facebook.com/pages/Histologia-Humana/193977577328767
from which can be accessed free of charge different apparatuses and systems .
New chapters with inflammatory pathology, introduction to tumor pathology and immunohistochemical technique. This edition contains practical exercises
All Contents copyright © 2020, 2 edition.
Javier Muñoz Moreno.
Table of Contents
Section One: Self-Assessment Method
Section Two: Processing Methods in Histology
Section Three:
1. Histology of the Nervous System
2. Histology of the Immune System
3. Histology of the Gastrointestinal Tract
4. Histology of the Endocrine System
5. Histology of the Respiratory System
6. Histology of the Circulatory System
7. Histology of the Urinary System
8. Histology of the Reproductive System section four.
9. Pathology Inflammatory.
10. Pathology Basic Tumoral. Introduction. Section five
11. immunohistochemistry (IHC): Introduction
Practical exercises
Section One
Self-Assessment Method
Developing Human Histology models for a practical exam is not easy.
In the present model is intended that the students show their skills by observing a histological preparation and are able to use the microscope in an orderly manner, observing the features of the tissues, at low magnification x40, in which will be described after “sweeping “ the entirety of the preparation, if the tissue is homogeneous or heterogeneous .
Subsequently is made a brief ordered description of the structures observed at this magnification.
At high magnification x100, x400 will be described in detail each of these tissues, emphasizing cellular features in each case.
In the images of each apparatus or system and at each magnification can be observed numerous examples of description of these tissues.
Section Two
Processing Methods in Histology
Macroscopic study: The study can only be possible with a fresh sample, observation and palpation of the organ without opening and only then cutting.
The data that is always included in the description is the weight (small biopsies and hollow organs such as the stomach or the large intestine are not weighed), colour, consistency, and measures are referred to three dimensions. The selected sample is placed in numbered capsules and so continues the processing.
Fixation: All material to be studied in pathology must be properly fixed. The procedure for establishing the basis for the conservation of the morphology is the fixation with formalin at 10%. In small biopsies is sufficient 1 to 2 hours. The largest biopsies, seemingly cutted and sectioned with a scalpel require several hours (6-7 hours). The surgical samples once opened and extended or anchored with a cork and with pins, will be necessary to be fixed for a period of 24 hours. The ratio tissue/formaldehyde should be 1/ 20.
Cut in microtome after embedded in paraffin.
Body tissues are composed of a large quantity of water. Moreover, the paraffin is a wax which melts at 60-65 °C and is completely insoluble in water. The process is basically to replace the water of the tissue by paraffin to impregnate it, obtaining a block of uniform density, which allows a fine cut with the microtome.
This process requires:
Dehydration: after obtaining the portion of tissue to be processed, with a previous fixation, is inserted into a plastic capsule, and properly identified, placed on a device called “tissue processor”, through solutions of ethyl alcohol with increasing concentrations (80, 96, 100) dehydrating completely the tissue; the last step is the xylol, who just finalized the dehydration and converts into a transparent tissue.
Paraffin embedding: the device introduces the melted paraffin (liquid) in the tissue; pulling from the capsule the apparatus tissue, and placing it in a mold with liquid paraffin and allowing it to cool.
Cuts with microtome: once the block is cold the cuts are done, usually 5 microns. The cuts are extended in an histology slide.The coloration of the cuts requires a series of steps currently performed automatically for the most common coloration - haematoxylin - eosin (H&E); dewaxing and hydration of the cuts: so that the paraffin can be removed, is necessary to make the cuts with heat to melt the paraffin; then passed through xylol that has just dissolved the paraffin. Subsequently is followed the hydration procedure which is the reverse to what was discussed above.
Hydration: Once stained, the dehydration with alcohol and xylol