The Influence of India and Persia on the Poetry of Germany. Arthur F. J. Remy
Quotations are from this edition.
Hammer, Jos. von. Geschichte der schönen Redekünşte Persiens, mit einer Blüthenlese aus zweyhundert persischen Dichtern. Wien, 1818.
Heine. Heinrich Heines sämtliche Werke in 12 Bden. Stuttgart (Cotta), s. a.
Herder. Sämmtliche Werke, ed. Bernhard Suphan. 32 Bde. Berlin, 1877.
Hitōpadēśa. The Hitōpades'a of Nārāyana Pandit, ed. Godabole and Parab. 3d ed. Nirṇ. Sāg. Press. Bombay, 1890.
Quotations are from this edition.
Jackson, A.V. Williams. Zoroaster, the Prophet of ancient Iran. New York, 1899.
Mohl. See Shāh Nāmah.
Piper, Paul. Höfische Epik. 4 pts. KDNL. iv.
—— Spielmannsdichtung. 2 pts. KDNL. ii.
Platen. Platens sämtliche Werke. Stuttgart (Cotta), s. a.
References are based on this edition.
Rückert. Friedrich Rückert's gesammelte poetische Werke. 12 Bde. Fkft. a. M., 1882.
References are based on this edition.
Schack, Ad. Friedr. Graf von. Gesammelte Werke. 3 Aufl. 10 Bde. Stuttgart, 1897.
Shāh Nāmah. Firdusii Liber Regium qui inscribitur Shah Name, ed. Vullers (et Landauer). Tom. 3. Lugd. 1877–1884.
—— Le Livre des Rois par Abou'l Kasim Firdousi, traduit et commenté par Jules Mohl. 7 vols. Paris, 1876–1878.
Abbreviations.
| BLVS. | Bibliothek des Litterarischen Vereins in Stuttgart. Tübingen. |
| Böhtl. | Otto Böhtlingk, Indische Sprüche, St. Petersburg, 1870–1873. 2 Aufl. 3 Bde. |
| Grdr. iran. Phil. | Grundriss der iranischen Philologie. |
| Gul. | Gulistān, ed. Platts. |
| H. | Hāfiḍ, ed. Brockhaus. |
| H.E. | Höfische Epik, ed. Piper in KDNL. |
| JAOS. | Journal American Oriental Society. |
| KDNL. | Deutsche National-Litteratur, ed. Jos. Kürschner. (Berlin) u. Stuttgart. |
| K.S. | Translations of the Gulistān and Bahāristān, printed for the Kama Shastra Society. |
| Red. | Geschichte der schönen Redekünste Persiens. |
| Sh. N. | Shāh Nāmah. |
| ZDMG. | Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft. |
Transcription.
For the transcription of Sanskrit words the system of the Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft has been followed; for that of Persian words the system of the Grundriss der iranischen Philologie has been adopted, with some variations however, e.g. ع is indicated by ʻ. To be consistent, such familiar names as Hāfiz and Nizāmī appear as Hāfiḍ and Nidāmī; Omar Khayyām as ʻUmar Xayyām; and the word ghazal, the German Ghasele, is written γazal.
CHAPTER I.
INTRODUCTION.
Information of Mediæval Europe Concerning India and Persia—Travellers—India and Persia in Mediæval German Poetry.
The knowledge which mediæval Europe had of India and Persia was mostly indirect, and, as might be expected, deficient both in correctness and extent, resting, as it did, on the statements of classical and patristic writers, on hearsay and on oral communication. In the accounts of the classic writers, especially in those of Pliny, Strabo, Ptolemy, truth and fiction were already strangely blended. Still more was this the case with such compilers and encyclopædists as Solinus, Cassiodorus and Isidorus of Sevilla, on whom the mediæval scholar depended largely for information. All these writers, in so far as they speak of India, deal almost entirely with its physical description, its cities and rivers, its wealth of precious stones and metals, its spices and silks, and in particular its marvels and wonders. Of its religion we hear but little, and as to its literature we have only a few vague statements of Arrian,1 Aelian2 and Dio Chrysostomus.3 When the last mentioned author tells us that the ancient Hindus sang in their own language the poems of Homer, it shows that he had no idea of the fact that the great Sanskrit epics, to which the passage undoubtedly alludes, were independent poems. To him they appeared to be nothing more than versions of Homer. Aelian makes a similar statement, but cautiously adds εἴ τι χρὴ πιστεύειν τοις ὑπὲρ τούτων ἱστορουσιν. Philostratus represents the Hindu sage Iarchas as well acquainted with the Homeric poems, but nowhere does his hero Apollonius of Tyana show the slightest knowledge of Sanskrit literature.4
Nor do the classic authors give us any more information about the literature of Persia, though the Iranian religion received some attention. Aristotle and Theopompus were more or less familiar with Zoroastrian tenets,5 and allusions to the prophet of ancient Iran are not infrequent in classic writers. But their information concerning him is very scanty and inaccurate. To them Zoroaster is simply the great Magian, more renowned for his magic art than for his religious system. Of the national Iranian legends, glimpses of which we catch in the Avesta (esp. Yt. 19), and which must have existed long before the Sassanian period and the time of Firdausī, the Greek and Roman authors have recorded nothing.
But Europe was not limited to the classic and patristic writers for information about the Orient. The points of contact between the Eastern and Western world were numerous even before the Portuguese showed the way to India. Alexandria was the seat of a lively commerce between the Roman Empire and India during the first six centuries of the Christian era; the Byzantine Empire was always in close relations, hostile or friendly, with Persia; the Arabs had settled in Spain, Southern Italy and Sicily; and the Mongols ruled for almost two centuries in Russia. All these were factors in the transmission of Oriental influence.