The Major Operations of the Navies in the War of American Independence. A. T. Mahan

The Major Operations of the Navies in the War of American Independence - A. T. Mahan


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the West Indies opens the Naval Campaign of 1782 195

      Attack upon the Island of St. Kitts by de Grasse and de Bouillé 197

      Hood sails for its Relief from Barbados 197

      His Plan of procedure 198

      Balked by an Accident 199

      He Succeeds in dislodging de Grasse and taking the Anchorage left by the French 200

      Unsuccessful Attempt by de Grasse to shake Hood's position 203

      St. Kitts nevertheless compelled to Surrender owing to having insufficient Land Force 205

      Hood Extricates himself from de Grasse's Superior Force and Retires 205

      Rodney arrives from England and joins Hood 205

      Project of French and Spaniards against Jamaica 206

      De Grasse sails from Martinique with his whole Fleet and a large Convoy 207

      Rodney's Pursuit 208

      Partial Actions of April 9, 1782 209

      British Pursuit continues 211

      It is favored by the Lagging of two Ships in the French Fleet, April 11 211

      An Accident that night induces de Grasse to bear down, and enables Rodney to force Action 212

      The Battle of April 12 begins 214

      A Shift of Wind enables the British to Break the French Order in three places 217

      Consequences of this Movement 218

      Resultant Advantages to the British 219

      Practices of the opposing Navies in regard to the Aims of Firing 219

      Consequences Illustrated in the Injuries received respectively 220

      Inadequate Use made by Rodney of the Advantage gained by his Fleet 220

      Hood's Criticisms 220

      Hood's Opinion shared by Sir Charles Douglas, Rodney's Chief-of-Staff 222

      Rodney's own Reasons for his Course after the Battle 222

      His Assumptions not accordant with the Facts 223

      Actual Prolonged Dispersion of the French Fleet 224

      Hood, Detached in Pursuit, Captures a small French Squadron 224

      Rodney Superseded in Command before the news of the victory reached England 225

      The general War Approaches its End 226

      CHAPTER XIII

      HOWE AGAIN GOES AFLOAT. THE FINAL RELIEF OF GIBRALTAR

       1782

      Howe appointed to Command Channel Fleet 227

      Cruises first in North Sea and in Channel 228

      The Allied Fleets in much superior force take Position in the Chops of the Channel, but are successfully evaded by Howe 229

      The British Jamaica Convoy also escapes them 229

      Howe ordered to Relieve Gibraltar 229

      Loss of the Royal George, with Kempenfelt 229

      Howe Sails 229

      Slow but Successful Progress 230

      Great Allied Fleet in Bay of Gibraltar 230

      Howe's Success in Introducing the Supplies 231

      Negligent Mismanagement of the Allies 231

      Partial Engagement when Howe leaves Gibraltar 232

      Estimate of Howe's Conduct, and of his Professional Character 232

      French Eulogies 232

      CHAPTER XIV

      THE NAVAL OPERATIONS IN THE EAST INDIES, 1778–1783. THE CAREER OF THE BAILLI DE SUFFREN

      Isolation characteristic of Military and Naval Operations in India 234

      Occurrences in 1778 234

      Sir Edward Hughes sent to India with a Fleet, 1779 235

      The Years prior to 1781 Uneventful 235

      A British Squadron under Commodore Johnstone sent in 1781 to seize Cape of Good Hope 236

      A Week Later, a French Squadron under Suffren sails for India 236

      Suffren finds Johnstone Anchored in Porto Praya, and attacks at once 237

      The immediate Result Indecisive, but the Cape of Good Hope is saved by Suffren arriving first 238

      Suffren reaches Mauritius, and the French Squadron sails for India under Comte d'Orves 239

      D'Orves dies, leaving Suffren in Command 240

      Trincomalee, in Ceylon, captured by Hughes 240

      First Engagement between Hughes and Suffren, February 17, 1782 240

      Second Engagement, April 12 242

      Third Engagement, July 6 244

      Suffren captures Trincomalee 247

      Hughes arrives, but too late to save the place 247

      Fourth Engagement between Hughes and Suffren, September 3 248

      Having lost Trincomalee, Hughes on the change of monsoon is compelled to go to Bombay 251

      Reinforced there by Bickerton 251

      Suffren winters in Sumatra, but regains Trincomalee before Hughes returns. Also receives Reinforcements 251

      The British Besiege Cuddalore 252

      Suffren Relieves the Place 253

      Fifth Engagement between Hughes and Suffren, June 20, 1783 253

      Comparison between Hughes and Suffren 254

      News of the Peace being received, June 29, Hostilities in India cease 255

      Glossary of Nautical and Naval Terms used in this Book 257

      Index 267

       Table of Contents

      Lake Champlain and Connected Waters 8

      New York and New Jersey: to illustrate Operations of 1776, 1777, and 1778 40

      Narragansett Bay 70

      Leeward Islands (West Indies) Station 99

      Island of Santa Lucia 101

      Island of Martinique 164

      Peninsula of India, and Ceylon 234

      North Atlantic Ocean. General Map to illustrate Operations in the War of American Independence 280

       Table of Contents

      D'Orvilliers


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