The Herodotus Encyclopedia. Группа авторов

The Herodotus Encyclopedia

(Ἀρταχαίης, ὁ)

PIETRO VANNICELLI

Università di Roma–La Sapienza

An ACHAEMENID highly regarded by XERXES, who together with BUBARES was in charge of the construction of the CANAL across the ATHOS peninsula (7.22.2). Artachaees was the tallest of the Persians and the man with the loudest voice of all mankind. When he died of DISEASE in ACANTHUS, the whole Persian army built his burial mound. On oracular advice the Acanthians instituted a hero‐cult for Artachaees, invoking him by name (7.117). OTASPES, commander of the ASSYRIANS during Xerxes’ expedition against Greece in 480 BCE (7.63.1), and ARTAŸNTES, admiral of the Persian fleet at MYCALE in 479 (8.130.2), may have been sons of this same Artachaees (Schmitt, IPGL 118 (no. 76)).

SEE ALSO: Artaeus; Burial Customs; Engineering; Heroes and Hero Cult

ARTAEANS (Ἀρταῖοι, οἱ)

CHRISTOPHER BARON

University of Notre Dame

At the beginning of his CATALOGUE of XERXES’ invasion force, Herodotus states that the Persians first called themselves Artaeans, though the Greeks called them Cephenes; they later adopted the name “Persians” from PERSES, son of PERSEUS and ANDROMEDA (7.61.2–3). Hellanicus appears to have given similar information (cf. Pearson 1939, 204–5); after citing Hellanicus for a region of PERSIA called Artaea, Stephen of Byzantium writes, “The Persians call ancient men Artaeans, just as the Greeks call them HEROES” (s.v. Ἀρταία (A 456) = BNJ 4 F60). The Old Persian root *ṛta‐ meant “justice, truth, proper order,” whence the many attested names beginning Arta‐ (Tavernier 2007, 542–43).

REFERENCES

1 Pearson, Lionel. 1939. Early Ionian Historians. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

2 Tavernier, Jan. 2007. Iranica in the Achaemenid Period (ca. 550–330 B.C.): Lexicon of Old Iranian Proper Names and Loanwords, Attested in non‐Iranian Texts. Leuven: Peeters.

ARTAEUS (Ἀρταῖος, ὁ)

CHRISTOPHER BARON

University of Notre Dame

1) Patronymic, father of ARTACHAEES who was one of the supervisors of the CANAL Xerxes had constructed through the ATHOS peninsula in the lead‐up to the invasion of Greece in 480 BCE (7.22.2). It is uncertain whether he is the same as Artaeus (2).

2) Patronymic, father of AZANES who commanded the SOGDIANS in XERXES’ land invasion force (7.66.2).

ARTANES RIVER (ὁ Ἀρτάνης ποταμός)

CHRISTOPHER BARON

University of Notre Dame

River in northern THRACE, tributary of the ISTER (Danube), flowing through the land of the CROBYZIANS along with the ATHRYS and NOĒS (4.49.1); its exact location and identification are unknown, though it is not to be confused with the river of the same name in Bithynia (e.g., Arr. Peripl. M. Eux. 17).

ARTANES (Ἀρτάνης, ὁ) son of Hystaspes

MARGARET COOL ROOT

University of Michigan

Artanes (7.224.2), a son of Hystaspes, was one of the two brothers of DARIUS I who died at THERMOPYLAE in 480 BCE. His only child, PHRATAGUNE, came to Darius in MARRIAGE along with Artanes’ wealth in the absence of a male heir. Artanes’ two grandsons also perished at Thermopylae, injecting a poignant note of human pathos into Herodotus’ war narrative (Burn 1984, 419).

SEE ALSO: Abrocomes; Hyperanthes; Hystaspes son of Arsames

REFERENCE

1 Burn, A. R. 1984. Persia and the Greeks: The Defence of the West, c. 546–478 B.C. 2nd edition. London: Duckworth.

ARTAPHERNES (Ἀρταϕέρνης or –ϕρένης, ὁ) son of Artaphernes

PIETRO VANNICELLI

Università di Roma–La Sapienza

Son of Artaphernes the half‐brother of DARIUS I. The younger Artaphernes and DATIS led the Persian expedition against Greece in 490 BCE (6.94.2). After the defeat at MARATHON he and Datis took the enslaved population of ERETRIA to SUSA (6.119.1). In 480 Artaphernes commanded the Lydian and Mysian troops in XERXES’ invasion force (7.74.2). The Greek form of the name renders OP *R&c.dotbl;ta‐farnā‐, “endowed with the Glory of the R&c.dotbl;ta” (i.e., truth, cosmic order, right: Schmitt, IPGL 116–17 (no. 75d)).

SEE ALSO: Artaphernes son of Hystaspes; Persia

ARTAPHERNES (Ἀρταϕέρνης or –ϕρένης, ὁ; OP **Artafarnah‐*), son of Hystaspes

HENRY P. COLBURN

Metropolitan Museum of Art

Artaphernes was the son of Hystaspes and brother of the Persian king DARIUS I. He was the satrap of SARDIS from c. 513 BCE and held this post through the duration of the IONIAN REVOLT and its aftermath.

One MANUSCRIPT family of the Histories gives his name as “Artaphrenes,” perhaps on the basis of a false Greek etymology (e.g., phrēn). In Old Persian his name means “endowed with the glory of the FIRE” (Tavernier 2007, 124–25). In addition to the references to him in Herodotus, he appears in at least two Elamite administrative tablets in the PERSEPOLIS Fortification Archive (Hallock 1969, nos. 1404, 1455). His son was also named Artaphernes.

AESCHYLUS (Pers. 776) credits Artaphernes with slaying Mardus (i.e., the false SMERDIS), but he is not mentioned in the BISITUN Inscription or in Herodotus’ account of the conspiracy. Darius appointed him satrap of Sardis around 513 (5.25). In that position, he demanded EARTH AND WATER from an Athenian embassy seeking an alliance against SPARTA in 507 (5.73); the ambassadors accepted his terms but were censured for doing so upon their return to ATHENS. He urged the Athenians to accept the return of the tyrant HIPPIAS (5.96), a directive which they rejected. At the behest of ARISTAGORAS (1), Artaphernes dispatched an expedition led by MEGABATES to capture NAXOS in 500 (5.30–35); it was ultimately unsuccessful. In 498 during the Ionian Revolt he defended the ACROPOLIS of Sardis against the IONIANS (5.100), and in 496 he and OTANES (2) captured CLAZOMENAE and CYME (5.123). He executed HISTIAEUS and his fellow conspirators (6.1–4, 30)—according to Herodotus, to prevent Histiaeus from gaining the ear of Darius a second time. At the end of the Ionian Revolt Artaphernes conducted a survey of Ionian

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The Herodotus Encyclopedia. Группа авторов