The Herodotus Encyclopedia. Группа авторов

The Herodotus Encyclopedia

dating to March 498 BCE (PFa 5 = Kuhrt 2007, 598–99).

SEE ALSO: Marriage; Persia; Women in the Histories

REFERENCE

1 Kuhrt, Amélie. 2007. The Persian Empire. A Corpus of Sources from the Achaemenid Period. London and New York: Routledge.

ARTYBIUS (Ἀρτύβιος, ὁ)

CHRISTOPHER BARON

University of Notre Dame

Persian general who led the attack on CYPRUS during the IONIAN REVOLT c. 497–496 BCE (5.108–13). Despite riding a HORSE trained to rear up on its hind legs and attack infantrymen, Artybius was struck down in battle by ONESILUS, leader of the Greek forces, outside Cypriot SALAMIS (the Persians won the battle nonetheless). Herodotus’ narrative focuses on their duel, in which Onesilus is assisted by a clever squire (Hornblower 2013, 295–96; Serghidou 2007, 279–82). Artybius is not otherwise attested; it is possible that the name is equivalent to ARTYPHIUS, from the Old Persian word meaning “eagle” (Schmitt, IPGL 127–28 (no. 88)).

SEE ALSO: Generals and Generalship; Hoplite; Oebares groom of Darius

REFERENCES

1 Hornblower, Simon, ed. 2013. Herodotus: Histories Book V. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

2 Serghidou, Anastasia. 2007. “Cyprus and Onesilus: An Interlude of Freedom (5.104, 108–16).” In Reading Herodotus: A Study of the logoi in Book Five of Herodotus’ Histories, edited by Elizabeth Irwin and Emily Greenwood, 269–88. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

ARTYPHIUS (Ἀρτύϕιος, ὁ)

CHRISTOPHER BARON

University of Notre Dame

Persian general, son of ARTABANUS (thus a first cousin of XERXES). Artyphius commanded the GANDARIANS and DADICAE in the invasion force of 480 BCE (7.66.2). His name derives from the Old Persian word meaning “eagle” (Schmitt, IPGL 130–31 (no. 91a)). He is not the same man as the Artyphius who later participated in a revolt against ARTAXERXES I (Ctesias FGrHist 688 F14.40, F15.52).

ARTYSTONE (Ἀρτυστώνη, ἡ)

MARGARET COOL ROOT

University of Michigan

Artystone (3.88.2), a virgin, was one of two daughters of CYRUS (II) married to DARIUS I upon his accession (the other being ATOSSA); she became his favorite (7.69.2). Attested as Irtašduna on the Elamite PERSEPOLIS Fortification tablets (Henkelman and Kleber 2007, 166–69), she maintained numerous estates and an extensive network of contacts (Brosius 1996). Her magnificent seal incorporates distinctive Egyptian imagery (PFS 38: Garrison and Root 2001, cat. no. 16). This lends credibility to an Egyptian account of Cyrus’ MARRIAGE to the Egyptian princess NITETIS (3.2; Lang 1972), who might well have been her mother. Artystone’s two sons by Darius led units of XERXES’ army on the campaign against Greece in 480 BCE: ARSAMES commanded ARABIANS and ETHIOPIANS (7.69.2), while Gobryas led troops from eastern Anatolia (7.72.2).

Photo depicts the drawing of PFS 38 from the Persepolis Fortification tablets.

Figure 7 Composite drawing of PFS 38 from the Persepolis Fortification tablets, courtesy of M. B. Garrison and M. C. Root. Drawing by author (and another contributor). Reproduced with permission of M. B. Garrison and M. C. Root.

SEE ALSO: Egypt; Gobryas son of Darius; Persia

REFERENCES

1 Brosius, Maria. 1996. Women in Ancient Persia, 559–331 BC. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

2 Garrison, Mark B., and Margaret Cool Root. 2001. Seals on the Persepolis Fortification Tablets. Vol. 1, Images of Heroic Encounter. Chicago: Oriental Institute Publications 117.

3 Henkelman, Wouter F. M., and Kristin Kleber. 2007. “Babylonian Workers in the Persian Heartland: Palace Building at Matannan during the Reign of Cambyses.” In Persian Responses: Political and Cultural Interaction with(in) the Achaemenid Empire, edited by Christopher Tuplin, 163–76. Swansea: Classical Press of Wales.

4 Lang, Mabel. 1972. “War and the Rape‐Motif, or Why Did Cambyses Invade Egypt?” Proceedings of the American Philosophical Association 116: 410–14.

ARYANDES (Ἀρυάνδης, ὁ)

TYPHAINE HAZIZA

Université de Caen Normandie

Aryandes was named hyparkhos of the Persian satrapy of EGYPT by CAMBYSES (II) in 522 BCE and confirmed in that position by DARIUS I. In 518, Darius assigned him the mission of collecting “Egyptian LAWS” by relying upon the knowledge of the native Egyptians (see Corcella in ALC, 692–93).

Herodotus develops the role of this high‐ranking Persian (4.166–67, 200–4) mostly through the self‐interested aid he gives to PHERETIME, who requests that he avenge the assassination of her son, ARCESILAUS III, king of CYRENE in LIBYA. Acting without doubt on orders from the Persian king, Aryandes took advantage of that pretext in order to reinforce Persian domination over Libya, and particularly over the city of BARCA, as Herodotus neatly shows. The anecdote which he reports (4.166) concerning Aryandes’ unfortunate end is more confused. The reference to an “Aryandic” coinage of pure SILVER has not been confirmed and has given rise to numerous interpretations. Whatever Aryandes’ actions were, it appears that they were perceived as a challenge to the power of Darius himself, which explains why the Great King did not hesitate to rid himself of his satrap who—if we believe Polyaenus (Strat. 7.11.7)—was unpopular in Egypt.

ARYENIS (Ἀρύηνις, ἡ)

CHRISTOPHER BARON

University of Notre Dame

Daughter of the Lydian king ALYATTES, given in MARRIAGE to the Median king ASTYAGES in order to solidify the peace treaty agreed to by the two kingdoms c. 585 BCE (1.74.4; see also schol. Pl. Resp. 566c). Aryenis was thus the sister of the last king of LYDIA, CROESUS, and probably the grandmother (if MANDANE was her daughter) of the first king of PERSIA, CYRUS (II). “Aryenis” may in fact have been a Median title given to her upon her marriage, from OP *ahurānī‐, “spouse of the king” (Pirart 2002, 122).

The Herodotus Encyclopedia. Группа авторов