The Herodotus Encyclopedia. Группа авторов
May, Ellis Sargeant, Jordan Shead, and Will Wolf. I thank them for their assistance and good cheer. In addition, several of the graduate students from that class signed on as regular contributors to write one or more entries. Their names will be found attached to those entries, but I thank them here as well: Raleigh Heth, William Stover, Romain Thurin, and Ryan Walker.
Two more graduate students who became regular contributors deserve special mentions of my gratitude. Angela Zautcke was part of the Herodotus class; she volunteered to write more entries and ended up contributing around twenty of them. Melody Wauke, my research assistant in Fall 2018, wrote more than forty entries and identified a number of thorny issues (she now knows more than most about the rivers of northern Greece). I marvel at their diligence and attention to detail, which helped me complete this project more quickly than I would have otherwise.
Special thanks also go to those contributors who responded to cries for help and joined the project, or took on additional entries, at an advanced stage: David Branscome, Aideen Carty, Peter Hunt, Bryant Kirkland, Donald Lateiner, Carolina López‐Ruiz, Mark Mash, Matt Simonton. And to scholars who assisted with matters of detail outside my comfort zone: Denise Demetriou, Liz Irwin, Danielle Kellogg, Angela McDonald, Hannah Ringheim, Matt Waters, Josef Wiesehöfer. Finally, Alison Lanski gamely wrote a large number of entries on “minor” people and places.
At the initial stage of the project, I received welcome assistance from Kelly Taylor, Natalie Sargent, and Florencia Foxley in producing the list of headwords. Along the way, Maria Giulia Genghini and Jasper Donelan provided valuable translations of contributions written in foreign languages. And at the end, Maria Ma bravely proofread several hundred entries, highlighted potential concerns, and helped me create the maps—another late but, I hope, valuable addition to these volumes. Rosemary Morlin, as copy editor, supplied a much‐needed extra set of eyes, detecting and correcting numerous errors in the final manuscript.
My advisory board has supported me in numerous ways for the past six years: Emily Baragwanath, Bob Fowler, John Marincola, and Rosaria Munson. They were crucial in helping to formulate the list of headwords (especially Emily and Rosaria), in identifying potential contributors around the world (special thanks to Bob and John), and in navigating a few minor crises along the way. I hope I have accepted the wise advice they offered more effectively than Herodotus’ characters do. I also want to recognize my colleagues at Notre Dame and in the field whose conversations helped sustain me through this arduous process: Sue Collins, Carolyn Dewald, John Duffy, Randolph Ford, Liz Irwin, Rebecca Kennedy, Brian Krostenko, Hildegund Müller, Simon Oswald, Victoria Pagan, Hannah Ringheim, Andreas Schwab, Andrew Scott, Lela Urquhart, Pietro Vannicelli, and Liv Yarrow.
At Wiley, Liz Wingett has guided me through the production process and waited patiently as “target dates” come and go. I have worked with a number of editorial assistants over these six years, but it is Kelley Baylis who has made things as easy as possible for me. I thank Emma Brown for handling image permissions with minimal effort on my part. But above all I owe a debt of gratitude to Haze Humbert (who has since moved on), who approached me in late 2012 about taking on this crazy project. She convinced me that it was worth it and that I was capable of doing it, and provided moral support and calming conversation when I needed it.
Financial support from two offices at the University of Notre Dame was crucial, especially in the early stages. A Faculty Initiation Grant from the Office of the Vice President for Research, plus a Large Humanities Research Grant from the Institute for Scholarship in the Liberal Arts, allowed me to retain the services of several of the people mentioned above. Generous funds provided by the Office of the Vice President for Research for library acquisitions in 2014 added significantly to our Herodotus‐related collection.
I owe many thanks to the staff at the Hesburgh Library at the University of Notre Dame, especially in Circulation and ILL/Document Delivery; to Julia Schneider, the Medieval Studies Librarian; to the late David Sullivan; and to my colleague David Gura, Curator of Ancient and Medieval Manuscripts and a man of many hats. Significant portions of this encyclopedia were hammered out and smoothed over in the Stavros Niarchos Reading Room for Byzantine and Classical Studies at the Hesburgh Library, and also in the Classics Reading Room of the Joseph Regenstein Library at the University of Chicago.
Above all, I would not have survived this project without Jessica Baron, who patiently put up with my suffering—as she likes to say, “It’s a good thing Herodotus is already dead”—and even agreed to contribute some wonderful entries of her own. And, as always, my thanks to Hildegarde, who will have mixed feelings about the lack of open books lying around the house.
Christopher Baron
South Bend, Indiana, May 2019
PREFACE (USING THIS ENCYCLOPEDIA)
Nothing like The Herodotus Encyclopedia has been attempted before. The closest comparandum is Gisela Strasburger’s Lexikon zur frühgriechischen Geschichte (Zürich, 1984). But the Lexikon, while useful, was designed as a basic reference guide for readers of Herodotus without knowledge of the ancient world: the entries are brief, there is minimal bibliography—and much has happened in Herodotean studies since then.
The Herodotus Encyclopedia is designed to be as comprehensive as possible. Every name in the Histories (there are over 2,000)—individual, community, tribe, topographical feature—should have a headword. Some of these are blind entries, referring the reader to discussion under other headwords. Approximately 400 additional conceptual entries cover a wide range of topics: history of the text; scholarship and reception; the historical, intellectual, and social background of Herodotus’ world, including religion and warfare; Herodotus’ historical method and literary techniques; and prominent themes in the work. (See the Synopsis on pages xxxvi–xliv for a list of these individual entries arranged by category.) If time, space, and energy allowed it, many more conceptual entries could have been included. I hope any gaps in coverage are small.
Within each entry, other non‐blind headwords are marked in ALL CAPS on their first appearance. The main text of each entry is followed by a SEE ALSO section listing further related headwords. For those consulting the online version, an attempt has been made to assign keywords which pinpoint even more detailed conceptual connections. The print version of the encyclopedia has been supplied with an Index, per Wiley’s standard policy.
One area where comprehensiveness does prove impossible, given the already large size of the encyclopedia (and perhaps the limitations of human capabilities), is references to scholarship. Each entry contains full bibliographic information for items cited in the text, and most entries also suggest Further Reading. But the reader should be aware that even in the case of lengthy lists, this is just the tip of the iceberg. Contributors have been encouraged to include references to items which provide fuller bibliography. There are also valuable recent bibliographies available: the Oxford Bibliographies Online article on Herodotus (Emily Baragwanath and Mathieu de Bakker, 2009, updated 2014); and the bibliographies found in Rosaria Vignolo Munson (ed.), Herodotus. Oxford Readings in Classical Studies (2 volumes, Oxford, 2013), and in Reinhold Bichler and Robert Rollinger, Herodot, 3rd edition (Darmstadt, 2011).
Although the reader will find references in this encyclopedia to items published in 2017 (especially Pietro Vannicelli and Aldo Corcella’s Italian commentary on Book 7), 2018, and even 2019, many contributors finished their work at an earlier point in time. Thus, it is safest to say that no knowledge of scholarship published after 2016 should be assumed.
For the most part, citation of other encyclopedias has been avoided. The major occasional exceptions are the Encyclopedia Iranica (available online: www.iranicaonline.org/) and the monumental Pauly‐Wissowa Real‐Encyclopädie (see Abbrevations §1 under RE). In addition, a number of fundamental reference works recur often enough to be referred to in abbreviated form, and I will mention them here with a brief explanatory note:
ALC = David Asheri, Alan Lloyd, and Aldo Corcella. A Commentary