The Herodotus Encyclopedia. Группа авторов

The Herodotus Encyclopedia

1 Roosevelt, Christopher H. 2009. The Archaeology of Lydia, From Gyges to Alexander, 19. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

AGYLLAEANS (Ἀγυλλαῖοι, οἱ)

CHRISTOPHER BARON

University of Notre Dame

Agylla is the older Greek name for the Etruscan city of Caere (BA 44 B2), modern Cerveteri northwest of Rome. Herodotus recounts (1.167.1–2) how the Carthaginians and Etruscans after the naval battle of ALALIA (c. 540 BCE) stoned to death their Phocaean prisoners on the Italian shore near Agylla. When, subsequently, every living thing that passed by the site was debilitated, the Agyllaeans sent to DELPHI, where the god instructed them to honor the dead Phocaeans as HEROES. Herodotus states that SACRIFICES and athletic games were still held there in his day. Later authors report a tradition that the city was founded by PELASGIANS (Briquel 1984, 169–224).

SEE ALSO: Carthage; Curses; Italy; Phocaea; Prisoners of War; Tyrrhenians

REFERENCE

1 Briquel, Dominique. 1984. Les Pélasges en Italie: recherches sur l’histoire de la légende. Rome: École française de Rome.

AJAX (Αἴας, ὁ)

EMILY VARTO

Dalhousie University

Hero from the ISLAND of SALAMIS, son of TELAMON and grandson of AEACUS. Telamon was exiled from AEGINA and settled on Salamis, where Ajax was born (Apollod. Bibl. 3.12.7; Diod. Sic. 4.72.7). Ajax fought at TROY and committed SUICIDE after Achilles’ armor was given to Odysseus instead of him (Little Iliad, PEG F2; Pind. Nem. 7.23–30, 8.26–27; Soph. Ajax).

Ajax’s later genealogical connections are inconsistent in the sources. Ajax and Aeacus were claimed as ancestors, via Ajax’s son Philaeus, by the Philaidae FAMILY at ATHENS (Hdt. 6.35.1), which included MILTIADES THE YOUNGER, the victor at MARATHON, and his son CIMON THE YOUNGER, the fifth‐century Athenian general. This genealogical information is irreconcilable with the GENEALOGY of Miltiades given by Pherecydes (BNJ 3 F2), which may be a simplified, enlongated stemma drawing on names from family and local Athenian traditions (Thomas 1989, 161–73; Duplouy 2006, 61–64; Fowler 2013, 474–80). Elsewhere in Pherecydes, Telamon is an Athenian, son of Actaeus (BNJ 3 F60). In other sources, Salamis was given to Athens by Philaeus and Eurysaces, both sons of Ajax (Plut. Sol. 10) or by Philaeus, son of Eurysaces, son of Ajax (Paus. 1.35.2). In any case, Athenian tradition closely associated Ajax with both Salamis and Athens, and with Athens’ control of the island (Duplouy 2006, 61–64).

According to Herodotus, although Ajax was from Salamis, his name was given to one of the Cleisthenic tribes because he was a neighbor and ally (5.66). Before the Battle of Salamis in 480 BCE, the Athenians ask the Aeacidae for help, specifically calling upon Ajax and Telamon and bringing cult images of Aeacus and the Aeacidae from Aegina (8.64); following the battle, the Greeks dedicate a victory offering to Ajax on Salamis (8.121).

SEE ALSO: Cleisthenes son of Megacles; Heroes and Hero Cult; Miltiades the Elder; Myth

REFERENCES

1 Duplouy, Alain. 2006. Le prestige des élites: recherches sur les modes de reconnaisance sociale en Grèce entre les Xe et Ve siècles avant J.‐C. Paris: Les Belles Lettres.

2 Fowler, Robert L. 2013. Early Greek Mythography. Vol. 2, Commentary. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

3 Thomas, Rosalind. 1989. Oral Tradition and Written Record in Classical Athens. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

ALABANDA IN CARIA (Ἀλαβάνδα τὰ ἐν Καρίῃ)

JEREMY LABUFF

Northern Arizona University

City in north‐central CARIA (modern Arabhısar) along the west bank of the MARSYAS River (BA 61 F2), home to the tyrant ARIDOLIS who served in the Persian fleet in 480 BCE (7.195). Little is known of the pre‐Hellenistic city apart from a late classical building and the extent of the fourth‐century circuit WALL. Alabanda remained in the Persian Empire until the Hellenistic period, when it was part of the religious Chrysaorean League and the Seleucid Empire, being temporarily renamed Antiocheia.

ALABANDA IN PHRYGIA (τῆς Φρυγίης Ἀλαβάνδα)

JEREMY LABUFF

Northern Arizona University

A “great city” in PHRYGIA under the administration of Amyntas, nephew of ALEXANDER I of MACEDON and son of a Persian notable (8.136.1). Its identification remains insecure, and no other ancient source mentions the city so named (to be distinguished from the ALABANDA IN CARIA). Stephen of Byzantium calls it “Alabastra” (Steph. Byz. s.v. Ἀλάβαστρα (A 185)) and Simon Hornblower (1982, 218 n. 2) proposes that it should be identified with Blaundus on the Lydian‐Phrygian border.

SEE ALSO: Amyntas son of Bubares; Cities; Gygaea

REFERENCE

1 Hornblower, Simon. 1982. Mausolus. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

ALALIA (Ἀλαλίη, ἡ)

HEINZ‐GÜNTHER NESSELRATH

University of Göttingen

Alalia (modern Aleria) on the east coast of Corsica (CYRNUS) was founded by settlers from PHOCAEA in Asia Minor around 560 BCE (1.165.1), although traces of preceding habitation of early Iron Age date have been found as well (Asheri in ALC, 185). Twenty years later a large additional body of Phocaeans arrived (1.166.1); these new settlers came in order to avoid becoming part of the expanding Persian Empire. The newcomers established additional sanctuaries, but their continuous raids on neighboring populations in the subsequent years led to an alliance between the Etruscans and

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The Herodotus Encyclopedia. Группа авторов