The Herodotus Encyclopedia. Группа авторов

The Herodotus Encyclopedia

earliest recorded major military engagements of this kind, possibly alluded to in Thuc. 1.13.6) they lost 40 of their ships, and the remaining 20 were rendered useless because their rams were severely damaged (a “Cadmeian” victory, Hdt. 1.166.2). Realizing that they could not withstand another attack, the Phocaeans evacuated Alalia and moved to RHEGIUM at the southwestern tip of ITALY (1.166.3) and from there to ELEA (Hyele/Velia, 1.167.3). Whether all Greeks left is “disputed by archaeologists” (Asheri in ALC, 185). In any case the Etruscans seem now to have been the dominant power on the spot, until the Romans took over in 259 BCE.

SEE ALSO: Agyllaeans; Cadmeians; Colonization; Migration; Naval Warfare; Tyrrhenians

ALARODIANS (Ἀλαρόδιοι, οἱ)

CHRISTOPHER BARON,

University of Notre Dame

In providing a list of the provinces (archai or SATRAPIES, 3.89.1) into which DARIUS I divided the Persian Empire, Herodotus states (3.94.1) that the Alarodians were part of the eighteenth administrative district (νομός, nome). The Alarodians occupied territory near the modern‐day border of Turkey, Iran, and ARMENIA (BA 89 E2; Müller II, 92). Possibly they were descendants of the kingdom of Urartu, which was destroyed in the seventh century BCE (Bryce 2009, 747–52). The Alarodians also appear in the CATALOGUE of XERXES’ invasion force, alongside the SASPEIRES and equipped in the same manner as the COLCHIANS (7.79).

REFERENCE

1 Bryce, Trevor. 2009. The Routledge Handbook of the Peoples and Places of Western Asia: The Near East from the Early Bronze Age to the Fall of the Persian Empire. London and New York: Routledge.

ALAZIR (Ἀλάζειρ, ὁ)

TYPHAINE HAZIZA

Université de Caen Normandie

King of BARCA in LIBYA (North Africa) in the first half of the sixth century BCE. Although he bears a Libyan name, it seems that Alazir belonged to the Battiad family which ruled the Greek city of CYRENE. This would explain his support for ARCESILAUS III. It is even possible that he had been placed in charge of the city of Barca after it had been reduced by the forces of Arcesilaus III. Victim of an ambush, the two rulers were murdered by aristocratic Cyrenean EXILES hostile to Arcesilaus and the Barcaeans who supported them, in the AGORA of Barca, around 522 BCE (4.164).

SEE ALSO: Aristocracy; Battus I; Colonization

ALCAEUS (Ἀλκαῖος, ὁ)

CHARLES C. CHIASSON

University of Texas at Arlington

Alcaeus (born c. 630 BCE) is a lyric poet from LESBOS cited once by Herodotus (5.95) for having discarded his armor in a battle between ATHENS and MYTILENE. One recurrent topic in his surviving verses—the remnants of an Alexandrian edition in at least ten books—is the political turmoil that plagued Lesbos during the late seventh century, as rule by hereditary kingship gave way to a series of TYRANTS, and various aristocratic families (including Alcaeus’ own) jockeyed for power. Alcaeus vividly describes his hatred of PITTACUS, an erstwhile ally turned tyrant, and the tribulations that he himself suffered in political EXILE.

Herodotus mentions Alcaeus in the context of long‐standing conflict between Athens and Mytilene for control of SIGEIUM, a strategically important site at the entrance to the HELLESPONT. Herodotus notes that during a battle (traditionally dated to 607/6, though this passage may raise questions about the CHRONOLOGY) the poet fled and the Athenians seized his armor, which they dedicated in the temple of ATHENA at Sigeium. Herodotus adds that Alcaeus composed a poem about the incident and sent it to Mytilene to inform his friend MELANIPPUS of what had happened. STRABO (13.1.38/C600 = F428a Campbell) quotes a brief excerpt from the poem, cast as a HERALD’s announcement that the poet is safe, despite the loss of his weaponry. Page (1955, 152–61) suggests that Alcaeus’ poems were the main ultimate source of information about the Sigeian War for Herodotus and all subsequent ancient authors.

SEE ALSO: Peisistratidae; Poetry; Sources for Herodotus

REFERENCES

1 Campbell, David A., ed. 1982. Greek Lyric. Vol. 1. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

2 Page, Denys. 1955. Sappho and Alcaeus. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

ALCAEUS ( Ἄλκαιος, ὁ) son of Heracles

CHRISTOPHER BARON

University of Notre Dame

According to Herodotus (1.7.2), Alcaeus was a son of HERACLES born to a female slave of IARDANUS (or perhaps to his daughter named DOULĒ). In the more common version of the story, Heracles became a slave of Omphale, daughter of Iardanus and queen of LYDIA (Gantz, EGM 439–42). Elsewhere, the name Alcaeus refers to Heracles’ grandfather, or Heracles’ original name (Diod. Sic. 1.24.4). Herodotus names Alcaeus’ great‐grandson, AGRON, as the first Heraclid king of Lydia; the last of this dynasty, CANDAULES, loses his throne to GYGES SON OF DASCYLUS.

ALCAMENES (Ἁλκαμένης, ὁ)

CHRISTOPHER BARON

University of Notre Dame

Legendary Spartan king, son of TELECLUS, member of the Agiad royal house of SPARTA. Herodotus mentions Alcamenes in the GENEALOGY he provides for LEONIDAS before the Battle of THERMOPYLAE (7.204). The Roman‐era author Pausanias attributes the Spartan CONQUEST of the town of Helos (future HELOTS, slaves owned by the Spartan state) to Alcamenes (Paus. 3.2.7; Luraghi 2003, 129–32).

SEE ALSO: Agis son of Eurysthenes; Polydorus

REFERENCE

1 Luraghi, Nino. 2003. “The Imaginary Conquest of the Helots.” In Helots and Their Masters in Laconia and Messenia: Histories, Ideologies, Structures, edited by Nino Luraghi and Susan E. Alcock, 109–41. Washington, DC: Center for Hellenic Studies.

ALCEIDES (Ἀλκείδης, ὁ)

CHRISTOPHER BARON

University of Notre Dame

Patronymic,

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The Herodotus Encyclopedia. Группа авторов