CO2 Hydrogenation Catalysis. Группа авторов
2.13 Pincer Ru complexes for CO2 hydrogenation.Figure 2.14 Rh complexes and phosphine ligands for CO2 hydrogenation.Scheme 2.15 Biphasic system for CO2 hydrogenation developed by Leitner et al...Figure 2.15 Biometric Rh complexes for CO2 hydrogenation.Figure 2.16 Rh complexes with C,C‐ and N,N‐ligands.
3 Chapter 3Figure 3.1 Abundance (ppm) of mid‐ and late transition metals in Earth's cru...Scheme 3.1 Proposed catalytic cycle for CO2 hydrogenation in the presence of...Scheme 3.2 Proposed mechanism for the role of additives in TON enhancement u...Scheme 3.3 Proposed catalytic cycle for CO2 hydrogenation in the presence of...Figure 3.2 Fong and Peters' iron complexes 3–8 bearing tri‐ and tetrad...Scheme 3.4 Proposed catalytic cycle for CO2 hydrogenation in the presence of...Figure 3.3 Fe(II) complexes 9 and 10 bearing the tetradentate phosphine 1,1,...Figure 3.4 NaHCO3 hydrogenation to formate by [FeH(rac‐P4)]+ (12), path B....Figure 3.5 Fe catalysts derived from Knölker's complex motif.Scheme 3.5 Proposed catalytic cycle for CO2 hydrogenation in the presence of...Scheme 3.6 Proposed catalytic cycle for CO2 hydrogenation showing possible M...Scheme 3.7 Proposed catalytic cycle for CO2 hydrogenation starting from 25....Scheme 3.8 Proposed mechanism for Li co‐catalyst promoting effect starting f...Scheme 3.9 Proposed catalytic mechanism for Li‐assisted CO2 hydrogenation wi...Figure 3.6 Catalyst recycling scheme (a) and observed TOFs (b) using Ru‐MACH...Scheme 3.10 Proposed catalytic mechanism for CO2 hydrogenation with 39.Scheme 3.11 Proposed catalytic cycle for CO2 hydrogenation starting from 41....Scheme 3.12 Proposed catalytic cycle for CO2 hydrogenation starting from 45,...Figure 3.7 Multidentate ligands screened for CO2 hydrogenation in combinatio...Scheme 3.13 Proposed catalytic cycle for CO2 hydrogenation starting from bim...Scheme 3.14 Simplified catalytic cycle for CO2 hydrogenation starting from t...Scheme 3.15 Proposed (simplified) competing catalytic cycles for CO2 hydroge...Figure 3.8 Substituted‐bipyridine Mn(I) bromotricarbonyl complexes 67–70...Scheme 3.16 Proposed catalytic cycles for CO2 hydrogenation in the presence ...Scheme 3.17 Proposed reaction pathway for CO2 functionalization with ethene ...Scheme 3.18 Proposed catalytic cycles for CO2 hydrogenation in the presence ...Scheme 3.19 Synthesis of κ2‐formato complex91.
4 Chapter 4Figure 4.1 Carbon‐neutral cycle in the context of methanol economy.Figure 4.2 CO2 hydrogenation to methanol and related reactions.Figure 4.3 Different routes for obtaining methanol from CO2.Figure 4.4 First reported homogeneous CO2 to methanol system catalyzed by RuFigure 4.5 Step‐wise hydrogenation of CO2 to methanol through carbonate, car...Figure 4.6 Indirect CO2 hydrogenation to methanol through urea derivatives....Figure 4.7 Molecular mechanism of hydrogenation by complex C‐1.Figure 4.8 Indirect CO2 to methanol route through cyclic carbonates.Figure 4.9 Hydrogenation mechanism with complex C‐3.Figure 4.10 Cascade catalysis of CO2 to methanol.Figure 4.11 Ruthenium‐catalyzed CO2 to methanol system developed by Leitner ...Figure 4.12 Mechanistic cycle of CO2 to methanol with C‐8 in the absen...Figure 4.13 Cobalt‐catalyzed CO2 to methanol system.Figure 4.14 Combined CO2 capture and conversion to methanol through oxazolid...Figure 4.15 Amine‐assisted CO2 to methanol process.Figure 4.16 Morpholine‐mediated CO2 to methanol through formamide.Figure 4.17 Carbon capture and utilization cycle to form methanol from CO2....Figure 4.18 PEHA‐assisted CO2 to methanol.Figure 4.19 Conversion of CO2 from air to methanol.Figure 4.20 Biphasic system for catalyst and amine recycling.Figure 4.21 Catalyst and amine recycling based on amine immobilization.Figure 4.22 Change in methanol TON with different substitutions on the P ato...Figure 4.23 Proposed mechanism of amine‐assisted CO2 to methanol process.Figure 4.24 Amine‐assisted CO2 to methanol system reported by Everett and Wa...Figure 4.25 PEI‐mediated CO2 to methanol through formamides.Figure 4.26 Manganese‐catalyzed CO2 hydrogenation to methanol.Figure 4.27 CO2 to methanol via formic acid disproportionation.
5 Chapter 5Figure 5.1 (a) The structural diagrams of the active sites of three types of...Scheme 5.1 Yang and Hall's mechanism for H2 activation catalyzed by [Fe]‐hyd...Figure 5.2 Two typical ways for CO2 insertion into a metal–hydride bond.Scheme 5.2 Two plausible cycles for the dehydrogenation of formic acid catal...Scheme 5.3 Sakaki's mechanism for the hydrogenation of CO2 to formic acid ca...Scheme 5.4 Nozaki and coworkers' plausible mechanism for hydrogenation of COScheme 5.5 Mechanism for the hydrogenation of CO2 catalyzed by (PNP)IrH3 pro...Scheme 5.6 Yang's mechanism for the hydrogenation of CO2 to HCOO− cata...Scheme 5.7 Hazari and coworkers' mechanism for the hydrogenation of CO2 cata...Scheme 5.8 Thiel and coworkers' mechanism for the hydrogenation of CO2 catal...Scheme 5.9 Himeda and coworkers' proton‐switchable iridium catalyst for reve...Scheme 5.10 Himeda and coworkers' mechanism for the hydrogenation of CO2 cat...Scheme 5.11 Mechanism for H2 heterolysis assisted by the pendant base and wa...Scheme 5.12 The transformations of H2 and CO2 catalyzed by (PNP)Ru complexes...Scheme 5.13 Pidko and coworkers' mechanism for CO2 hydrogenation to formates...Scheme 5.14 The overall process of CO2 hydrogenation catalyzed by Ru complex...Scheme 5.15 Proposed overall mechanism for the reduction of bicarbonate to f...Scheme 5.16 Ke and coworkers' mechanism for the hydrogenation of CO2 catalyz...Scheme 5.17 Predicted catalytic cycles with the monohydride (Path I) and dih...Scheme 5.18 Predicted mechanism for CO2 hydrogenation catalyzed by PNP–Fe co...Figure 5.3 The active site structure of [Fe]‐hydrogenase reported by Shima a...Scheme 5.19 Predicted mechanism for the hydrogenation of CO2 to formamide ca...Figure 5.4 Optimized transition state structures of two‐proton transfer for ...Figure 5.5 Liu, Dubois, and Bullock’s Mn (a) and Co (b, c, and d) complexes ...Figure 5.6 Yang and co‐workers' computationally designed Fe (a, b), Mn (c), ...Scheme 5.20 Yang and coworkers' mechanism of the hydrogenation of CO2 to met...Scheme 5.21 Yang and coworkers' mechanism for the hydrogenation of CO2 to fo...Scheme 5.22 Yang and coworkers' mechanism for the hydrogenation of formic ac...Scheme 5.23 Yang and coworkers' mechanism for the hydrogenation of formaldeh...Figure 5.7 Newly constructed iron, cobalt, and manganese complexes [81].Figure 5.8 Meyer's monomeric amidate‐ligated Fe complex (a) [82], Hitomi's m...Scheme 5.24 Yang and coworker's mechanism for the formation of methanol from...Scheme 5.25 Rueping and coworkers' mechanism for the hydrogenation of ethyle...
6 Chapter 6Figure 6.1 Schematic representation for synthesis of silica (a) and PS (b) s...Figure 6.2 Schematic representation for synthesis of “Si”‐(CH2)3NH(CSCH3)‐Ru...Figure 6.3 Schematic representation for synthesis of Ir‐PN/SBA‐15.Scheme 6.1 Synthesis of PEI‐PN/Ir.Figure 6.4 Schematic representation for synthesis of Ir‐PN‐PEI@TNT(Na+).Figure 6.5 Schematic representation of Ru/LDH.Figure 6.6 Schematic representation for synthesis of lutidine‐derived bis‐NH...Figure 6.7 Schematic representation for synthesis of mbpyOH‐[IrIII]‐UIO and ...Figure 6.8 Schematic representation of RuCl3@MIL‐101(Cr)‐R (a) and Ru3‐NHC‐M...Figure 6.9 Schematic representation for synthesis of TB‐MOP‐Ru.Figure 6.10 Schematic representation for synthesis of ML x (bpy‐CTF)X]X (a) an...Figure 6.11 Schematic representation for synthesis of [IrCp*(HBF‐2)Cl]Cl....Figure 6.12 Scheme of CTF sphere preparation (a) and SEM image of CTF sphere...Scheme 6.2 Representative structure of porous phosphine polymers (a) and the...Figure 6.13 Schematic representation for synthesis of Ir/AP‐POP.Figure 6.14 Schematic representation for synthesis of Phen‐POP‐Ir.
7 Chapter 7Figure 7.1 Selective hydrogenation of CO2 by RuFe nanoparticles in different...Figure 7.2 Microenvironmental engineering of Pd nanoparticle catalysts using...Figure 7.3 A possible reaction