The Esophagus. Группа авторов
tissue disorders Endocrine disorders Genetic syndromes Infiltrative disorders Inflammatory disorders Neuromuscular disorders Conclusion References
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PART IV: Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
19 Clinical Spectrum and Diagnosis of GERD Phenotypes
Introduction
The current paradigm of gastroesophageal reflux disease
Clinical spectrum of GERD
Further esophageal physiologic testing
Conclusion
References
20 Hiatus Hernia and Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
Introduction
Anatomy of the diaphragm and the esophagogastric junction
Physiology of the esophagogastric junction
Hiatus hernia
Congenital diaphragmatic hernias
Sliding hiatus hernia and reflux disease
Diagnosis
Therapy
Conclusions
References
21 Pathophysiology of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease: Motility Factors
Introduction
Sphincter mechanism at the esophagogastric junction (EGJ)
Gastroesophageal junction pressure under various physiologic conditions
Mechanisms of gastroesophageal reflux
Hiatus hernia and reflux disease
Compliance/opening function of LES and EGJ in GER disease
Role of esophageal peristalsis in reflux disease
Conclusions
References
22 Pathophysiology of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease: Epithelial Factors
Introduction
Acid, pepsin, and bile acids: the epithelial triple threat
Development of the esophagus and its defensive players
Esophageal tissue resistance: epithelial factors and beyond
Assessing the epithelial barrier: measurements of resistance, permeability, and intercellular spaces
Pathophysiology of GERD and reflux esophagitis: acid burn or cytokine sizzle?
Conclusions and future directions
References
23 Duodenogastroesophageal Reflux
Introduction
The role of acid and pepsin
The role of duodenal contents
Detection of DGER in humans
Medical and surgical treatment
Conclusion
References
24 Helicobacter pylori and GERD
Introduction
Epidemiology of H. pylori and GERD
Pathobiology of H. pylori and GERD
Implication of eradication of H. pylori on de novo GERD
Implication of H. pylori eradication on patients with known GERD
H. pylori and Barrett’s esophagus
H. pylori and esophageal adenocarcinoma and gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinoma
Professional guidelines, recommendations, and updates
Conclusions
References
25 Medical Management of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
Introduction
Lifestyle modifications
Pharmacologic therapy
Long‐term management
References
26 Refractory Heartburn: Reflux Hypersensitivity and Functional Heartburn
Introduction
Functional heartburn
Reflux hypersensitivity
Overlap