Introduction To Modern Planar Transmission Lines. Anand K. Verma

Introduction To Modern Planar Transmission Lines - Anand K. Verma


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geometry using very thin alternate curved layers of conducting and dielectric films. The object is placed at the center and the propagating waves are available at the flat end of the cylindrical medium in which the hyperlens is embedded. The normal optical lens, attached with the hyperlens, carries out the optical processing to create the high‐resolution image in the far‐field region [J.17, J.18].

      

      5.5.7 Doppler and Cerenkov Radiation in DNG Medium

      The DNG medium acts inversely on Doppler and Cerenkov radiations. It is examined below.

Schematic illustration of doppler effect in the D P S and D N G media. The source receding the receiver.

      Doppler Effect

      Doppler effect is related to the change in frequency of a source due to the relative motion of the source and receiver. If a source is moving away, i.e. receding, from the receiver in a DPS medium, the received frequency is less than the stationary frequency of the source. However, if the source is moving toward the receiver, the received frequency is increased.

      Inverse Doppler Effect

      (5.5.40)equation

      The received frequency of the radiated waves from a source, moving towards the receiver, is reduced at the stationary receiver. In the case, the source is moving away from the receiver, the received frequency increases as images.

      Due to the reversal of the change in the received frequency, the DNG medium supports the inverse Doppler Effect [J.6]. It has been experimentally confirmed both in the microwave and optical frequency ranges. The inverse Doppler Effect could be used to design tunable and multifrequency radiation sources [J.23–J.25].

      Cerenkov Radiation

      The Cerenkov radiation, also called the Cherenkov (or Cherenkov) radiation, in the DPS medium is generated from the charged particles traveling with a velocity faster than the velocity of the EM‐wave in that medium [B.12]. The radiation from a leaky‐wave antenna closely follows the radiation mechanism of Cerenkov radiation. Likewise, the planar transmission lines radiate the Cerenkov type radiation within a substrate resulting in high substrate loss [B.13]. It is discussed in subsection (9.7.3) of chapter 9. In a DPS medium the directions of the radiated power, i.e. the direction of the Poynting vector, and the wavevector are in the same direction. However, in a DNG medium, these directions are opposite to each other, giving inverse Cerenkov radiation [J.3]. Both Cerenkov radiation and inverse Cerenkov radiation are similar to the shock waves of supersonics generating the radiation cone.

      (5.5.41)equation

      Figure (5.15b) shows the directions of the wavevectors images and Poynting vectors images of the upper and lower radiation from the charged particle moving in the positive x‐direction. Cerenkov radiation is a linearly polarized EM‐wave with an electric field component parallel to the path of the charged particle, i.e. the x‐axis. Cerenkov radiation is directive in the forward direction within the cone angle 2ϕc. Similarly, a leaky‐wave antenna is highly directive. The beam becomes narrower for the higher value of the refractive index n.

      Inverse Cerenkov Radiation

      Figure (5.15c) shows that the charged particle moving with a velocity Vc (Vc > Vp) in a DNG medium with a negative refractive index −|n|. It creates backward radiation with the negative Cerenkov angle,

      (5.5.42)equation

Schematic illustration <hr><noindex><a href=Скачать книгу