Autonomous Airborne Wireless Networks. Группа авторов

Autonomous Airborne Wireless Networks - Группа авторов


Скачать книгу
[45] Urban/Suburban Narrowband Rician Cid et al. [46] Forest/Foliage Ultra‐wideband Rician, Nakagami Matolak and Sun [47] Sea/Fresh water Wideband Rician

      2.4.1.3 Airframe Shadowing

      This section discusses some of the key research challenges for the practical deployment of UAVs as airborne wireless nodes.

      2.5.1 Optimal Deployment of UAVs

      In UAV‐based communications, one of the key challenges is the optimal three‐dimensional deployment of hovering UAV. The capability of UAV to maneuver and adjust its altitude provides additional degree of freedom for UAV deployment in an efficient manner to improve capacity and coverage. In fact, UAV deployment is more challenging in UAV communications than in conventional terrestrial communications because the characteristics of AG propagation change with the position of the UAV. However, for efficient UAV deployment, flight duration and energy constraints must be taken into account for battery‐operated UAV, as they affect the performance of networks. In addition, simultaneous deployment of multiple UAVs is more challenging because of the co‐channel interference and the possibility of airborne collision of UAVs. Another important issue is the UAV deployment in the presence of terrestrial network. UAV deployment problem has been extensively discussed in the literature for coverage maximization 17,29,30,33,33, data collection from Internet of Things (IoT) devices [31], UAV‐assisted wireless network [27], disaster scenario [49], and caching applications [22].

      2.5.2 UAV Trajectory Optimization

      2.5.3 Energy Efficiency and Resource Management

      Energy efficiency and resource management require attention where UAVs are operating in key scenarios to collect data from IoT devices, ensure public safety, and support cellular wireless network. Resource management is a major challenge in UAV communications unlike in cellular communications [55]. However, UAV communications introduce additional hindrance in radio resource management due to the interplay between the UAV flight duration, mobility pattern, limited energy source, and spectral efficiency. Therefore, in [56], resource management was jointly optimized with the UAV trajectory in wireless environment.

      Limited amount of on‐board energy is available for battery‐operated UAV, which must be used for propulsion and to fulfill communication‐related tasks [5]. Consequently, continuous and long‐term wireless coverage curtails the UAV flight time. In addition, UAV energy consumption also depends on its path, weather condition, and mission of the UAV. Thus, energy constraints of UAV must be explicitly taken into account during planning of the UAV‐based communication systems. Various works have studied the interplay between energy efficiency and the optimal UAV trajectory [53–55].

      This chapter discussed the use of UAVs in wireless communication network, specifically, the use of UAVs as aerial BSs and as aerial UE in cellular‐assisted systems. In both cases, the accurate channel model of the AG and AA propagation is paramount, which must take into account the environmental conditions, wireless channel impairments, and the UAV mobility to characterize the performance of UAV‐based communication network. Some channel modeling efforts have been studied in this chapter. In addition, key challenges, such as optimal deployment of UAVs, optimization of trajectory path, resource management, and energy efficiency, have also been highlighted.

      1 1 Zeng, Y., Zhang, R., and Lim, T.J. (2016). Wireless communications with unmanned aerial vehicles: opportunities and challenges. IEEE Communications Magazine 54 (5): 36–42.

      2 2 Qualcomm Technologies Inc. (2016). Leading the World to 5G: Evolving Cellular Technologies for Safer Drone Operation. Technical report. Qualcomm.

      3 3 Patterson, T. (2015). Google, Facebook, SpaceX, OneWeb plan to beam internet everywhere. https://edition.cnn.com/2015/10/30/tech/pioneers-google-facebook-spacex-oneweb-satellite-drone-balloon-internet/index.html (accessed 08 March 2021).

      4 4 Al‐Hourani, A., Kandeepan, S., and Jamalipour, A. (2014). Modeling air‐to‐ground path loss for low altitude platforms in urban environments. 2014 IEEE Global Communications Conference, pp. 2898–2904.

      5 5 Fotouhi, A., Qiang, H., Ding, M. et al. (2019). Survey on UAV cellular communications: practical aspects, standardization advancements, regulation, and security challenges. IEEE Communications Surveys Tutorials 21 (4): 3417–3442.

      6 6 Molisch, A. (2011). Wireless Communications. Wiley ‐ IEEE.

      7 7 3GPP (2017). Study on Enhanced LTE Support for Aerial Vehicles. Technical report, 3rd Generation Partnership Project 3GPP.

      8 8 Yanmaz, E., Kuschnig, R., and Bettstetter, C. (2011). Channel measurements over 802.11a‐based UAV‐to‐ground links. 2011 IEEE GLOBECOM Workshops (GC Wkshps), pp. 1280–1284.

      9 9 Yanmaz, E., Kuschnig, R., and Bettstetter, C. (2013). Achieving air‐ground communications in 802.11 networks with three‐dimensional aerial mobility. 2013 Proceedings IEEE INFOCOM, pp. 120–124.

      10 10 Ahmed, N., Kanhere, S.S., and Jha, S. (2016). On the importance of link characterization for aerial wireless sensor networks. IEEE Communications Magazine 54 (5): 52–57.

      11 11 Khawaja, W., Guvenc, I., and Matolak, D. (2016). UWB channel sounding and modeling for UAV air‐to‐ground propagation channels. 2016 IEEE Global Communications Conference (GLOBECOM), pp. 1–7.

      12 12 Newhall, W.G., Mostafa, R., Dietrich, C. et al. (2003). Wideband air‐to‐ground radio channel measurements using an antenna array at


Скачать книгу