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CHAPTER 78: Gender and Sex Theoretical and Methodical Considerations Synthesis of the Current Scholarship and Aims of this Chapter Writing About Sexual Differences: The Literary Sources Sexual Differences and Gender in Script, Language, and Grammar Concepts of Royal Manliness Concepts of Elitist Femininity: Women in the Royal Milieu Concepts of Subordinated Manliness: Members of the Elite Concepts of Subordinated Masculinity and Femininity: Ordinary Persians Manliness and Femininity in the Persian Empire: The View of Greek and Latin Authors Concepts of Royal Manliness The Concept of Elitist Femininity: Women in the Royal Milieu The Concept of Subordinated Manliness: The Nobleman Who is Not the King Impressions of Subordinated Manliness and Femininity: Ordinary Persians Effeminates and Eunuchs: A Cause for Friction in Western Perceptions Summary and Conclusion REFERENCES FURTHER READING SECTION VIII: THE PERSIAN EMPIRE AT WAR CHAPTER 79: Legitimization of War Royal Ideology The Duties of the King The Conquest of Greece The Interests of Persia REFERENCES FURTHER READING CHAPTER 80: Structure of the Army and Logistics REFERENCES FURTHER READING CHAPTER 81: Military Organization and Equipment General Considerations Basic Clothing Offensive Weapons Defensive Weapons The Elements of an Army Fleet REFERENCES FURTHER READING CHAPTER 82: Mercenaries Introduction Geographical Location Date Range and Early Patterns of Use Ethnicity Numbers Mercenary Employment Relations Types, Combinations, and Contexts of Use Strengths and Weaknesses Persian Dependence on Greek Mercenaries The Overall Incidence of Mercenary Use REFERENCES FURTHER READING SECTION IX: RELIGION AND WORSHIP CHAPTER 83: The Religion of the Achaemenid Rulers Three Styles of Religion at the Achaemenid Court The Imperial Style of Religion Among the Achaemenids The Familial Style of Religion Among the Achaemenids The Dynastic Style of Religion Among the Achaemenids Conclusion REFERENCES FURTHER READING CHAPTER 84: The Achaemenids and the Avesta Preliminary Considerations Zoroastrianism or Non‐Zoroastrianism? What Are We Comparing? Der liebe Gott steckt im Detail The Invisible Ceremony Conclusion REFERENCES FURTHER READING CHAPTER 85: The Heartland Pantheon Introduction The Divine World of Achaemenid Pārsa REFERENCES FURTHER READING CHAPTER 86: Practice of Worship in the Achaemenid Heartland Terminology Cultic Personnel