Spectroscopy for Materials Characterization. Группа авторов

Spectroscopy for Materials Characterization

homonuclear correlation 2D NMR experiment (CO...Figure 10.7 Dependence of the relaxation times on temperature. T ₂ has an i...Figure 10.8 Cross‐polarization pulse sequence. The equation describing the ...Figure 10.9 A two spin system spectrum and dipolar interactions. The dotted...Figure 10.10 (a) Representation of the magnetic shielding tensor in terms o...Figure 10.11 (a) Typical relaxogram of an extra virgin olive oil (black cur...Figure 10.12 (a) Time scale of the molecular motions that can be investigat...Figure 10.13 Decay (circles) and recovery (squares) curves obtained by appl...Figure 10.14 (a) Typical sigmoidal shape of a nuclear magnetic resonance di...Figure 10.15 Relaxogram of Parmigiano Reggiano cheese. The square magnifies...

11 Chapter 11Figure 11.1 (a) Absorption coefficient as function of energy of a Fe foil me...Figure 11.2 Schematic explanation of the EXAFS phenomenon for isolated atom ...Figure 11.3 pictorially represents the single and multiple scattering paths ...Figure 11.4 Panel A: XANES spectra of Fefoil, FeO Fe₂O₃ and Fe₃O₄. In the in...Figure 11.5 Different steps in data analysis for nickel oxide measured at 77...Figure 11.6 Top: typical experimental layout used in the EXAFS beamlines is ...Figure 11.7 (a) Schematic drawing of a typical inelastic X‐Ray spectroscopy ...Figure 11.8 Panel A: observed and calculated EXAFS signals for the gold cata...Figure 11.9 Combined EXAFS analysis of different edges is a powerful tool fo...Figure 11.10 Panel I: XRS spectra measured at RT, 400 °C, 800 °C and back to...

12 Chapter 12Figure 12.1 General scheme of a XPS instrument. (A) Roughing pumps (Section ...Figure 12.2 Universal curve for the electron inelastic mean free path, Eq. (...Figure 12.3 Example map. A metallic bismuth “island” naturally occurring in ...Figure 12.4 Effects of the SG filter. A white noise (black points) is superi...Figure 12.5 Left: direct comparison between a Shirley background (continuous...Figure 12.6 Visual comparison of normalized Gaussian, Lorentzian, and Voigt ...Figure 12.7 Representation of the Doniach–Sunjic profile. Used parameters: HFigure 12.8 Comparison of survey spectra of the same sample, after different...Figure 12.9 High‐resolution S 2p region spectrum. Continuous line: cumulativ...Figure 12.10 Depth profiles of a multilayer sample, following the relative a...Figure 12.11 Depth profile of silica‐covered silicon. Top: simple quantitati...

13 Chapter 13Figure 13.1 UV photons‐stimulated photoemission and energy band diagram.Figure 13.2 Diagram of relations between work functions of sample and energy...Figure 13.3 The scheme displaying how to measure the width γ of UPS cal...Figure 13.4 Electronic band alignment scheme: ΔE _F and “vacuum shift” Δ meas...Figure 13.5 Angle‐resolved ultraviolet photoemission (ARUPS) scheme.Figure 13.6 Ion‐gun sputtering scheme of a sample surface.Figure 13.7 Dual‐channel charge neutralizer working scheme.Figure 13.8 Combined dual‐source charge neutralizer working scheme.

14 Chapter 14Figure 14.1 The main TEM‐related conventional electron spectroscopies are th...Figure 14.2 A schematic representation of electron energy loss spectrum. The...Figure 14.3 The electronic excitations involving “one‐electron like” transit...Figure 14.4 EELS spectra of diamond, graphite, and amorphous carbon core‐los...Figure 14.5 Comparison of near edge EELS (dotted line) and XANES (solid line...Figure 14.6 Core‐exciton peaks from an EELS spectrum at the carbon K‐edge fo...Figure 14.7 Plasmon dispersion in graphene and graphite depicted by EELS‐TEM...Figure 14.8 Vibrational EELS spectrum from g‐CN_xH_y aggregates recorded at 60...Figure 14.9 A schematic diagram showing how the 3D spectral map is built as ...Figure 14.10 Method for the extraction of quantitative compositional maps in...Figure 14.11 The localized surface plasmon resonance modes supported by a di...Figure 14.12 Schematic view of the focusing and acceleration lenses of a TEM...Figure 14.13 The insertion of a small diaphragm aperture allows the selectio...Figure 14.14 A simplified diagram to illustrate contrast generation in an en...Figure 14.15 Comparison between conventional (CTEM) and an in‐column integra...Figure 14.16 Element distribution images obtained with the three‐windows met...

15 Chapter 15Figure 15.1 Typical scheme of an AM‐AFM microscope.Figure 15.2 Schematic representation of (a) V‐shaped and (b) rectangle‐shape...Figure 15.3 (a) Z and X–Y piezo cylinders composing the segmented tube scann...Figure 15.4 Displacement of a piezoelectric actuator in response to increasi...Figure 15.5 Scheme of the four‐quadrants photodetector for three different g...Figure 15.6 Sphere–flat geometry approximately describing tip and surface ge...Figure 15.7 Qualitative representation of the interaction force between tip ...Figure 15.8 Cross‐sectional shape of meniscus at the interface of sphere and...Figure 15.9 Portions of the tip–force curve involved in Contact and Tapping ...Figure 15.10 (a) Schematic representation of the damped ideal point‐mass spr...Figure 15.11 Graphical representation of the deflection of the cantilever as...Figure 15.12 Graphical representation of the function A(ω) of Eq. (15.5...Figure 15.13 Representation of the effects induced by tip–sample interaction...Figure 15.14 (a) δ(Z _c) and (b) F _ts(d) curves for the idealized case o...Figure 15.15 Typical F _ts(d) curves obtained when the probe approaches (dash...Figure 15.16 (a) 2 μm × 2 μm AFM image of the SiO₂ sample surface obtained a...Figure 15.17 (a) 1 μm × 1 μm AFM image of the system consisting of latex nan...Figure 15.18 Size distribution of the nanoparticle's diameter estimated by A...