A Literary & Historical Atlas of America. J. G. Bartholomew
with Peru, 1864; restored on conclusion of peace, 1865.
Chippawa (or Chippewa), Ontario. 43N. 79W. Gen. Riall defeated by Americans, 1814.
Cholula, Mexico. 19N. 98W. Famous pyramid at, four times the size of the pyramid of Cheops; massacre of the Cholulans by Cortés, 1519. (Prescott, 'Mexico,' op. cit.)
Chonos Islands, S.A. 44S. 74W. Darwin on (see 'Voyage of the Beagle').
Chrysler's Field, Ogdensburg, St. Lawrence. 44N. 75W. Fierce but indecisive action, 1813.
Chupas, Peru. 12S. 75W. Defeat of the Spaniards under Almagro by Vaca de Castro, commissioner sent out by Spanish Government, 1542. (See Prescott, 'Peru,' op. cit.)
Chuquisaca (now Sucre), cap. of Bolivia. 19S. 64W. F. by one of Pizarro's followers, 1529; independence of Bolivia proclaimed at, 1825; said to be oldest university in S. America.
Churubusco, near Mexico. 19N. 99W. Santa Anna defeated by Americans, 1847 (Mex. W.).
Cincinnati, city, Ohio. 39N. 84W. Block-house erected by Ensign Luce, 1788, and first known as Losantiville.
Ciudad Bolivar, see Angostura.
Clarksburg, Harrison Co., W. Virginia. Bp. Thomas Jonathan Jackson ('Stonewall' Jackson), Confederate general (1824), killed at Chancellorsville, 1863.
Cleveland, Ohio. 41N. 81W. Named in honour of its founder, 1796.
Coaque, Peru. 0. 77W. Taken by Pizarro, 1531.
Cod, Cape, Mass. 42N. 70W. Discovered by Gosnold, who so named it, 1602; Champlain off during his second expedition to Canada, 1604–7, and called by him Cape Fortune; explored by John Smith, 1614; first land sighted by Pilgrim Fathers.
Cold Harbour, near Richmond, Virginia. 37N. 77W. Sanguinary and indecisive battle between Grant and Lee, 1864 (Civil W.). (See under Richmond for former battle, 1862.)
Colombia, S.A. 3N. 75W. Coasts, etc., explored by Columbus (from whom the present name derived), and earlier and later navigators, 15th-16th centuries; named New Granada by Quesada, conqueror of Bogota, 1538; revolt against Spanish rule, 1810; independence established after Bolivar's victory at Boyaca, 1819; Venezuela and Ecuador withdrew from confederation, 1830; name changed to 'United States of Colombia,' 1861; constant revolutions.
Colorado, U.S. 39N. 105W. Explored by Vasquez de Coronado, 1540; Pike's Peak discovered by mountaineer of that name, 1806; Frémont in, during his expedition over the Rocky Mountains, 1842–4; organised as a territory, 1861; sided with Federals in Civil W.; admitted to Union, 1876.
Colorado River, Colorado, N. America. 34N. 114W. Discovered by Hernando Alarçon on his expedition to California, 1540; explored last century by Yves, White, and Powell.
Columbia, Tennessee. 35N. 86W. Battle of Duck Run, and earlier encounter, 1862 (Civil W.).
Columbia, S. Carolina. 34N. 80W. Taken and burnt by Gen. Sherman, 1865 (Civil W.).
Columbia, river, Oregon. 46N. 124W. Discovered by Capt. Grey, 1792; the same year Lieut. Broughton, under directions from Vancouver, sailed up; later explorations by Lewis and Clarke, 1805; navigation of granted to England by treaty, 1846.
Columbia University, New York. Originally King's College, chartered, 1754; Columbia College, 1784; University, 1896.
Concepcion, town, Chili. 36S. 73W. F. by Valdivia, 1550. (See account of earthquake, Darwin, 'Voyage of the Beagle.')
Concord, Mass. 42N. 71W. First battle fought during W. of Ind. was at Lexington (six miles off) and Concord, 1775 (see Emerson's hymn to the 'embattled' farmers). Sleepy Hollow and Walden Pond are both near. Res. and burial-place of Emerson, Hawthorne, Thoreau, who was also born here (1817–62); Hawthorne wrote his 'Mosses from an Old Manse' in Emerson's house; other literary names are ass. this place, which has been called the American Weimar.
Conestoga, Pennsylvania. Indians at massacred by the 'Paxton boys,' 1763. (Parkman, 'Pontiac,' op. cit.)
Connecticut, U.S. 41N. 72W. One of the thirteen original North-American states; discovered by Dutch, 1613; Dutch in possession of valley till 1635–6, when English settled in; war with the Pequods, 1636; Windsor settled, 1637; charter granted to by Charles II. (1662) secreted in 'Charter Oak' to preserve it from James II.'s envoy, 1687–8; became independent, 1776.
Contreras, Mexico. 19N. 99W. American victory over Mexicans under Santa Ana, 1847 (Mex. W.).
Copan, on river of name, Honduras. 14N. 89W. Gigantic remains of ancient temple and pyramids.
Cordoba, cap. province, Argentina. 31S. 63W. F. by Jerome Cabrera, 1573.
Corinth, Mississippi. 35N. 88W. Confederates forced to evacuate, 1862; later the same year they were defeated in the battle of Oct. 3–4.
Coronation Gulf, Arctic Ocean. 68N. 110–116W. Reached by Sir J. Franklin, 1821.
Corrientes, Argentina. 38S. 57W. Three days' naval fight between Garibaldi, on behalf of the Montevideans, and Admiral Brown, commander of Rosas' fleet, 1846.
Costa Rica, Republic of, Cent. A. 10N. 84W. East coast discovered by Columbus, 1502; west coast reached by Espinoza about 1514; early Spanish colonies, and final conquest of country by Coronado, 1561–5; Indians rise along the Atlantic coast and win their independence, 1709; independent state since 1821; part of Confederation of Cent. A., 1824–9; constitution promulgated, 1870.
Cotopaxi, volcano, Ecuador, 0S. 78W. The earliest recorded eruption took place during Pizarro's invasion; the first complete ascent was made by Dr. Reiss, 1872.
Cowpens, near Spartanburg, S. Carolina. 34N. 81W. English under Tarleton defeated by Morgan. 1781 (W. of Ind.).
Cozumel, island, Yucatan. 20N. 87W. Cortés and his forces land on, 1519.
Crampton's Gap, near Barkittsville, Maryland. 39N. 77W. Battle of South Mountain fought at, 1862 (Civil W.).
Crosskeys, Virginia. 38N. 78W. Indecisive action between 'Stonewall' Jackson and the Federals, 1862 (Civil W.).
Crown Point, Lake Champlain. 43N. 73W. English caught in ambuscade near, and Indian King Hendrick killed; French under Dieskau, who was taken prisoner, finally forced to fall back on Crown Point, 1755; captured by English under Amherst, 1759.
Cuba, island, W. Indies. 21N. 79W. Discovered by Columbus, who named it Guana, 1492; further explored by, 1494; Ocampo off coast, 1508; Ojeda stranded on, 1509–10; final conquest of by Velasquez, 1511; De Soto made captain-general, 1537; Hawkins off, 1564–5; taken by English, 1762, and restored to Spain by Treaty of Paris, 1763; Black Eagle rebellion, 1829; insurrection of blacks, 1844; further rebellion against Spain, 1868–78; further revolution, 1895; autonomy granted to, 1897; the 'Maine' blown up, 1898; armed intervention of U.S. and liberation of island from Spanish rule, 1898; control of island formally transferred to Cuban Government, 1902; insurrection, 1906, and provisional government of U.S. till 1909.
Cuernavaca, Mexico. 19N. 99W. Remains of palace and church built by Cortés.
Cumana, Venezuela. 10N. 64W. Destroyed and inhabitants massacred by Royalist Gen. Boves, 1814 (S. A. W. Ind.).
Cumberland Bay, N.A. 64N. 65W. Davis in, 1585.
Cummington, Mass. 42N. 72W. Bp. of William Cullen Bryant, poet (1794–1878).
Curaçao, island, Antilles. 12N. 69W. Discovered by Ojeda, 1499; Spanish settlement on, 1527; in