Don Francisco de Quevedo: Drama en Cuatro Actos. Eulogio Florentino Sanz
two years of residence in Berlin had a profound effect upon the temper of Sanz's later verse. It was only natural that his removal from the turmoil of life in Madrid, with its petty jealousies and quarrels, literary and political, should exercise a broadening and sobering influence upon his muse. After this date the flow of idle humorous verse ceased. Inspired chiefly by the exquisite delicacy of Heine's lyrics, he set himself to imitation and translation of his German model. It is not too much to say that all his published verse after this was deeply tinged with this side of Heine.
In the spring of 1857 he was in Madrid again, enjoying his prestige as a poet, diplomat, and political writer. His presence at a gathering of literary men in May to do honor to the memory of the great Quintana was an event.[6] A week earlier his translation of fifteen of Heine's lyrics had appeared in the Museo Universal under the caption "Poesía Alemana, Canciones de Enrique Heine." What a grateful contrast they furnish to the undisciplined bursts of romantic thunder that he was writing only a few years before! Sanz had been completely won over to the intense refinement of emotion and diction of Heine. From this time on, the expression of gentle melancholy and spiritual sensitiveness dominates the few poems that he published.
The brief taste of diplomatic life which he had had seems to have put an end to any really creative activity. A tribute to the memory of the young poet Francisco Zea, written in May, 1858,[7] contains what is really his farewell to a life of letters. Therein, after discussing the pessimistic statement of Larra that in Spain "No se lee porque no se escribe, y no se escribe porque no se lee," he declares that people in Spain are writing, but that no one is reading. It is not the fault of those who write, he continues, and waste the treasures of their youth in a fruitless struggle. In Spain one must write for pure love of letters, and unfortunately this is the most platonic of loves. There are few readers of literature in general, and of lyric poetry almost none. He resents the intrusion of the latter into the drama, where it is heard with pleasure by people, comfortably seated in stalls, who in the morning could not endure Fray Luis de León or Francisco de la Torre. His small stock of patience exhausted, Sanz turned to diplomatic life.
On the eleventh of August of 1859 he was appointed Minister to the Empire of Brazil, and on the same day he was named representative in the Cortes. A month later he wrote to the Secretary of State to say that he must resign the post "for reasons which I have had the honor to submit verbally to your Excellency's consideration." At this time he seems to have gone into complete retirement, resisting the entreaties of theater-managers and actors to write again for the stage. In the next fourteen years he published only a half-dozen or more poems, although his name appeared in the list of colaboradores of several papers, among them the Gaceta Literaria, España Literaria, and La América. Apparently his disillusionment was complete. In the Versos a Amalia (La América, Sept. 8, 1858) are these significant lines:
Sonreí de ambición ante la vana
Sombra de mi deseo;
Y al despuntar el sol de mi mañana,
Vi mi horizonte azul (¡que ya no veo!)...
———
Yo fué persiguiendo la límpida estrella
Que allá en lontananza
Resplandece entre todas; aquella
Que deslumbra con locos reflejos,
Que siempre se sigue, que nunca se alcanza.
¡Pérfida estrella de la esperanza
Que alumbra sólo, sólo de lejos!
———
Yo en la mar busqué la gloria
Y de allí torno sin ella.
In September of 1872 Sanz was drawn from his retreat by an appointment to Tangier as Minister Plenipotentiary at a salary of 15,000 pesetas annually. He began his duties in December and continued at his post for exactly a year. Again he pleaded ill health and was granted two months' leave of absence. That he did not return immediately to Madrid is clear from his request of February 12 to be allowed to bring into Cadiz, duty free, a hundred bottles of wine. Early in January, 1873, his appointment to Tangier was confirmed by Amadeo. On the establishment of the republic in February Sanz tendered his resignation, but Castelar himself refused to accept it. In June he finally left his post at Tangier after having been appointed Minister Plenipotentiary to the United States of Mexico. As usual he excused himself on the ground of ill health, and his resignation was accepted in the following September. Sanz certainly could not complain that his merits were unrecognized. In the decree appointing him to the post at Tangier his honors are mentioned as Gran Cruz de la Real y Distinguida Orden de Carlos III, Orden Civil de Maria Victoria, Caballero de la Ínclita de San Juan de Jerusalem, ex Diputado a Cortes.
His movements from this time forward are extremely difficult to follow. In 1878 his name appears in the official list of members of the Asociación de Escritores y Artistas, and his domicile is given as 45 Calle de Atocha. The men that knew him in the closing years of his life agree that he dragged out a miserable existence in the utmost poverty, dependent upon the generosity of his friends. They speak highly of his moral integrity, deploring at the same time the weakness of character which prevented his realizing the promise of his early years. He died April 29, 1881, and was buried in the cemetery of San Lorenzo.
HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION
When Philip IV became king of Spain in 1621 he inherited a kingdom whose resources had been recklessly wasted. His father, Philip III, had been ruled by the most inept of ministers, the Duke of Lerma. Great sums of money, wrung from the productive lower classes, had been spent to carry on a fruitless war in the Netherlands, to provide amusement for an idle, frivolous court, and to fill the pockets of the minister's creatures. Government was in the hands of a bureaucracy of parasites. The collective conscience of the governing class had withered and died. The office-holders in this bureaucracy had come to regard the acquisition of riches at the expense of the state as one of their official privileges.
If Spain were to maintain her preëminent position as the greatest power in Europe the most radical economic reform was necessary. Stimulus must be given to the productive activity of the country by relief from oppressive taxation, and expenditure must be wisely restrained and administered.
The situation demanded a man of exceptional keenness of vision, great energy, and absolute integrity. There were not lacking men who foresaw the disaster that threatened, men who still kept some of that energy and fearlessness that had made America a Spanish dependency, but such individuals were silenced as menaces rather than encouraged as helpers. In Philip himself the mental vigor and physical stamina of the Spanish Hapsburgs had been greatly diminished. The consanguineous marriages of his immediate ancestors had weakened the stock. There can be no doubt that he loved his people in his own pitiful, ineffectual way, but he was hopelessly weak; lacking in the ability and even the will to rule, he delegated government to Don Gaspar de Guzmán, Count of Olivares and soon to be the first Duke of San Lúcar.
Here, on the other hand, was a man of undoubted energy and courage. Yet his weakness was his utter lack of vision and his inability to profit by the mistakes of his predecessors. He had many a lesson to learn in the failure of the reigns of Philip II and Philip III; he should have seen that the reason for the disasters of the former was the continuance of a hopeless war in the Netherlands for the sake of an ideal of religious unity which the progress of the sixteenth century had made impossible; above all he should have realized the economic folly of a system of taxation and industrial repression that was choking the nation.
Olivares himself was to blame for the initial appearance in the machinery of the State of only a few vital weaknesses, for at the beginning of his administration many fatal tendencies were already at work. But because he failed to check those tendencies he must ever be the scapegoat. To be sure he signalized his arrival by a few months of rigid economy, but he did not cut deep enough. He soon realized the futility of saving