Don Francisco de Quevedo: Drama en Cuatro Actos. Eulogio Florentino Sanz
gnawing at the life of the nation, or of a fervent plea for better standards in public and private life. When he felt the impotence of his rage or the fruitlessness of his pleas he turned earnestly and longingly to his cherished Seneca. But even in this frame of mind we cannot help feeling that there is something intensely passionate in his very patience. He gave his best years to the battle against national decay. Perhaps it is not too much to say that he died of disappointment and disgust.
Quevedo's life, then, is by no means devoid of aspects that would appeal strongly to a romantic poet like Florentino Sanz. The most striking feature, of course, is his struggle with Olivares, followed by apparent defeat and imprisonment at San Marcos de León, which in reality meant a moral victory in the face of persecution. This in itself was an ideal situation to call forth the heroics of a romantic poet. Furthermore, Quevedo could properly complain that he had been misunderstood. He was giving himself to a great cause while many of his contemporaries recognized only the superficial wit or the obscenity of his satire. His proud scorn of stupidity and all mediocrity was easily susceptible of a romantic twist into a lofty contempt for the miserable human creatures that drag out their darkened groveling lives. To make the play an unqualified success it was necessary that Quevedo succumb to the gentle passion, although in reality Quevedo's stern heart had little room for it. There can be no denying his cynical disbelief in feminine virtue. Associations of his own choice gave him little opportunity for illusions on that score. To be sure, he married at fifty-two, but circumstances lead us to doubt his happiness. Quevedo in love is thorny ground for any author. It is difficult to understand how Sanz succeeded in making this innovation as plausible as it is. It is his surrender to virtues so sterling as those of Margarita de Saboya that saves him from being ridiculous. Perhaps one may be pardoned for a furtive smile at the implication that Quevedo must depart to mope in his tower, while Margarita, herself a widow, pines in the convent.
The name Quevedo has come to connote vaguely a personage of achievements as fabulous as those of Robin Hood. His undoubted skill as a swordsman has made him the hero of a thousand nocturnal escapades. His proverbial wit has forced upon him the responsibility for doubtful puns and innumerable bits of repartee. Unfortunately this is true to such a degree that to the uninitiated Quevedo is little more than a buffoon or a swaggering swordsman. It is easy to see that in his play Sanz intended to combat this mistaken conception. When it was first presented in 1848 there existed no authoritative and accessible edition of Quevedo's works[12] where he could be adequately studied and a fair estimate of him made. Such works of his as were spread broad-cast were usually the more objectionable excerpts from his less creditable works. They appeared in wretched volumes bearing a close resemblance to some that are published even now under such titles as "Quevedo, His Wittiest Prose, His Funniest Verses." Sanz felt the injustice deeply and set about its correction.
Those who knew Sanz personally[13] have been left with the clear impression that through the medium of Quevedo, Sanz poured forth his invective against those that refused to recognize his own ability.
There can be no doubt that the ultimate source, or rather the inspiration, of the play was the appeal to Sanz of the personality of Quevedo. There are other more tangible sources that may be briefly indicated. An important element in the plot is Queen Isabel's struggle to obtain from Olivares a certain letter which had been written in blood by the Conde de Villamediana and which would prove her fidelity to her husband, Philip. The existence of such a valuable document is pure invention. Villamediana's contemporaries are unanimous in saying that after being stabbed he died almost instantly and that his only words were "Esto es hecho." The romantic circumstances of Villamediana's attachment to the queen had been rehearsed to the public only a few years before the production of "Don Francisco de Quevedo." In 1841 the Duke of Rivas had published his four ballads, "Los Toros," "Las Máscaras y Cañas," "El Sarao," and "Final," under the title "El Conde de Villamediana." The affair then would be fresh in the minds of Sanz and his public. Don Juan de Tassis y Peralta, Count of Villamediana, was born in Lisbon in 1580, and was brought up in the court of Philip III. In 1614 he served in Italy, and the end of 1618 found him again in Madrid, where he lived magnificently, indulging freely his tastes for paintings, jewels, and horses. His satirical pen, attacking even the Duke of Lerma and the royal confessor, Fray Luis de Aliaga, was the cause of his exile from Madrid in 1618. At the accession of Philip IV he was recalled to Madrid and made a gentleman in waiting to the queen. Fallen ministers and the favorites of Philip III continued to be marks for his attacks. Olivares, the enemy of Villamediana and Doña Isabel, probably brought his libels to the attention of Philip. On August 21, 1622, as Villamediana was driving through the Calle Mayor, a man halted his coach, and, as the count was descending, ran him through the heart. The gossips of Madrid attributed the murder to Olivares, giving as his motive his hatred and fear of Villamediana. Others laid the blame upon Philip, whose jealousy had been aroused, they said, by Villamediana's marked attentions to Doña Isabel.
Further historical material for the play Sanz took from two arraignments of the administration of Olivares published by Valladares. The use of these sources by Sanz will be pointed out as briefly as possible. The circumstances of the imprisonment of Doña Margarita in Ocaña, her flight to Madrid, and her subsequent treatment at the hands of Olivares are presented in detail in the "Caída de su Privanza y Muerte del Conde-Duque de Olivares, Gran Privado del Señor Rey Don Felipe IV, el Grande, con los motivos y no imaginada disposición de dicha Caída,"[14] and in the "Memorial de Don Francisco de Quevedo contra el Conde-Duque de Olivares. Dado al Rey Don Felipe Quarto."[15] According to the account in the latter she had received no reply to her complaints against the evil conduct of Vasconcellos and the suicidal policy of Olivares toward the Duke of Braganza.[16]
The interview between Olivares and the queen about the establishment of the young Prince of the Asturias in separate apartments with an independent household (Act II, scene ii) was evidently taken from the "Memorial" (p. 214) and from the "Caída" (p. 49). Says Philip, "And why, Conde-Duque, would he not be better off in the apartment that you yourself occupy? It is especially for the firstborn of the king, and is the one in which my father and myself were when we were princes." There also is mentioned the removal of the Count of Lemos, the Marquis of Castel Rodrigo, and Don Fernando de Borja from the palace.
In Act III, scene ii, Margarita laments the loss of Spanish possessions through the ineptitude of Olivares:
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