High-Density and De-Densified Smart Campus Communications. Daniel Minoli
Stadium
TABLE 1.5 Top Convention Centers in the United States
| Center | Location | Exhibition Space, Approx. (ft2) | Total Space, Approx. (ft2) |
|---|---|---|---|
| McCormick Place | Chicago, Illinois | 2 700 000 | 9 000 000 |
| Orange County Convention Center | Orlando, Florida | 2,100 000 | 7 000 000 |
| Georgia World Congress Center (GWCC) | Atlanta, Georgia | 1 500 000 | 4 000 000 |
| Las Vegas Convention Center | Las Vegas, Nevada | 2,200 000 | 3,200 000 |
| New Orleans Morial Convention Center | New Orleans, Louisiana | 1,100 000 | 3,100 000 |
| America's Center | St. Louis, Missouri | 500 000 | 2 700 000 |
| San Diego Convention Center | San Diego, California | 600 000 | 2,600 000 |
| TCF/Cobo Center | Detroit, Michigan | 720 000 | 2 400 000 |
| Walter E. Washington Convention Center | Washington, DC | 700 000 | 2 300 000 |
| Sands Expo and Convention Center | Las Vegas, Nevada | 940 000 | 2 300 000 |
Some events comprise both a set of lecture sessions and exhibit sessions. When lecture sessions are underway, the connectivity requirements (specifically, the traffic volume density) may be low or lower; however, when the sessions wrap up, there may be a pulse‐shaped traffic requirement where a large number of participants all want to make phone calls or access the Internet.
There are about 310 convention centers in the United States of various sizes, 50 of which have more than 200 000 ft2 of total space. See Table 1.5 for the top 10 convention centers in the United States. For example, the largest US convention center is the McCormick Place in Chicago, Illinois, with 9 million ft2 of space and 2.7 million ft2 of exhibition space. The exhibit space generally tends to be one‐half to one‐third of the total space.
1.2.4 Pre‐pandemic/Long‐term Requirements for Open Air Gatherings and Amusement Parks
Networks for public parks are typically designed around public safety and the availability of cellular service; first responder access is important (e.g. in the context of E911). For data and multimedia services, users will typically utilize their smartphones and 4G/LTE cellular connections; however, in some instances, Wi‐Fi is available, as in the latter case, and is employed to move users toward food and merchandize concessions, or for geo‐fencing applications. A target of one million connections per square kilometer (also definable as 1 connection per m2 or 1 connection every 10 ft2) has been suggested by some researchers [2]. Open air gathering tends to be more “pop up” operations with short‐lived operational timeframes; however, the density could be high, even multiple individuals (say 2–3) every 10 ft2. Requirements include high‐capacity data and video access, and perhaps video surveillance.
TABLE 1.6 Top Amusement Parks in the United States
| Site | 2017 Visitors |
|---|---|
| 1. Magic Kingdom, Lake Buena Vista, Florida | 20 450 000 |
| 2. Disneyland, California | 18 300 000 |
| 3. Disney's Animal Kingdom, Florida | 12,500 000 |
| 4. Epcot, Florida | 12,200 000 |
| 5. Disney's Hollywood Studios, Florida | 10 722 000 |
| 6. Universal Studios, Florida | 10 198 000 |
| 7. Disney California Adventure | 9 574 000 |
| 8. Universal's Islands of Adventure, Florida | 9 549 000 |
| 9. Universal Studios, Hollywood | 9 056 000 |
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10. Knott's |