High-Density and De-Densified Smart Campus Communications. Daniel Minoli
A lower target seems appropriate for amusement parks, given that people go to these parks (usually with high entrance fees) for entertainment and less for spending time on personal communication devices. There are about 430 parks and amusement parks in the United States; Table 1.6 identifies the 10 top parks.
1.2.5 Pre‐pandemic/Long‐term Requirements for Classrooms
Classrooms are in session only for certain hours of the day, of the week, of the seasons. Students may toggle between being online and listening to the teachers. In broad terms, a classroom (say of 40 × 40 ft and 32 students) would require one connection every 50 ft2.
There were 132 853 K‐12 schools in the United States in 2015, according to data from the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES). The average public school size is as follows: city: 591 students; suburban: 656 students; and rural: 358 students. Table 1.7 depicts the enrolment in the top 10 districts in the United States.
TABLE 1.7 Enrolments at Largest US Districts
| Rank | District Name | State | Enrollment (K) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | New York City | NY | 1100 |
| 2 | Los Angeles Unified | CA | 634 |
| 3 | Chicago | IL | 378 |
| 4 | Miami‐Dade County | FL | 357 |
| 5 | Clark County | NV | 327 |
| 6 | Broward County | FL | 272 |
| 7 | Houston | TX | 216 |
| 8 | Hillsborough County | FL | 214 |
| 9 | Orange County | FL | 200 |
| 10 | Palm Beach County | FL | 193 |
TABLE 1.8 Example of School Demographics (NYC)
| Size Category | Number of Classrooms | Number of Offices | Total Building Area (ft2) | Approximate Number of Sites |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Small | 50 | 10 | 100 000 | 250 |
| Medium | 100 | 15 | 175 000 | 650 |
| Large | 140 | 25 | 300 000 | 275 |
| Campus | 200 | 40 | 450 000 | 100 |
| 1275 |
A school may have a large number of classrooms, in addition to administrative offices. For example, New York City's Department of Education (DOE) is the largest school system in the United States, serving over 1.1 million children across 1800 schools with 140 000+ employees at 1300+ school buildings and 29 administrative sites across New York City. Many sites have multiple schools or administrative offices per building. While individual schools vary greatly in size, a standard set of LAN/WAN equipment, including switches, routers, servers, firewalls, and access points is deployed throughout individual school organizations and shared spaces. These networks provide e‐mail, administrative and instructional applications for both wired and wireless devices. Additionally, administrative networks are typically wired and are kept in separate VLANs from instructional networks. Table 1.8 illustrates the approximate size and demographics for New York City DOE School buildings.
In addition to content traffic, there is an increasing need to provide IoT‐based functionality such as bathroom sensors for smoking or vaping of substances, Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) operations, and video surveillance.
1.2.6 Pre‐pandemic/Long‐term Requirements for Train and Subway Stations
While some quote a figure of 6 persons per km2 in subway stations [2], it is our pragmatic observation that the densities at rush hour are more in line with the parameters of Table 1.2, with concentration of 1 per 10 ft2 or 1 per 20 ft2. Table 1.9 provides some information on the subway and rapid transit systems in the United States (about 15 systems in total).
1.2.7 Pre‐pandemic/Long‐term Requirements for Dense Office Environments
Office space represents a major environment where work is accomplished in the United States and around the world. Data from the Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey indicates that there were 5.6 million commercial buildings in the United States in 2012 (the most recent year for which data are available), spanning 87.4 billion ft2 of floorspace (see Figure 1.3) [13, 14]. The typical space allocation per employee is 130–150 ft2, although some lower‐end industries (e.g. retail) allocate less and some higher‐end industries (e.g. law firms) allocate more.
TABLE 1.9 Top Subway and Rapid Transit Systems in the United States
| System | Annual Ridership (2018) (M) | Avg. Weekday Ridership (K) | Stations (Approx.) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1. |
|