VCSEL Industry. Babu Dayal Padullaparthi
Method G.5 Summary of Laser Displays References
29 Appendix H: Red VCSELs H.1 Introduction H.2 Data Communications H.3 Blood Oximetry H.4 Hair Regrowth References
30 Appendix I: GaN‐Based VCSELs I.1 AlGaInN Laser Materials I.2 AlGaInN Laser Development I.3 AlGaInN Blue VCSELs I.4 AlGaInN Green VCSELs I.5 White Light Generation by VCSELs References
31 Appendix J: Photodetectors J.1 Introduction J.2 Noise in Photodetectors J.3 Photodetectors for Communication and Sensing References
33 Index
34 The Comsoc Guides to Communications Technologies
List of Tables
1 Chapter 1Table 1.1 Categorization of semiconductor lasers.Table 1.2 Milestones of surface emitting laser research and development.Table 1.3 Differences between VCSEL and edge‐emitting lasers (EEL).Table 1.4 Attributes of VCSEL in datacom, sensing, and manufacturing.Table 1.5 Mode dependent VCSEL applications.
2 Chapter 2Table 2.1 Design choices for VCSEL sections.Table 2.2 Semiconductor material choices for VCSEL active regions and mirro...
3 Chapter 3Table 3.1 Die quantity and cost estimates for different product (die) sizes...Table 3.2 Key specifications for VCSEL epi‐wafer growth.Table 3.3 Key specifications for wafer‐fab (processing).Table 3.4 Appearance of VCSEL players post Apple’s i‐phone X announcement*...Table 3.5 Typical scenario of net yield estimation.
4 Chapter 4Table 4.1 Classification of data centers by size.Table 4.2 Classification of datacenters by reliability.Table 4.3 Classification of data centers by reliability.Table 4.4 Transmitter‐related specifications for IEEE 802.3 for 1Gbps (clau...Table 4.5 Classification of multi‐mode optical fiber.
5 Chapter 5Table 5.1 Difference between d‐TOF and i‐TOF.Table 5.2 Differences among 3D cameras used in latest consumer electronic p...Table 5.3 Power scaling of VCSEL arrays for product applications.Table 5.4 Difference among XR technologies.
6 Chapter 6Table 6.1 Differences among 3D sensing technologies used in latest consumer...Table 6.2 Benchmarking of scanning and non‐scanning LiDARs for applications...Table 6.3 Laser transmitters and detectors for various LiDAR applications.Table 6.4 Latest situation of LiDARs in the industry.
7 Appendix BTable B.1 Comparisons between MBE and MOCVD processes.Table B.2 Substrate parameters to be considered for VCSEL layer growth.
8 Appendix CTable C.1 Process summary for various products.Table C.2 Critical points for various products.
9 Appendix ETable E.1 Summary of published reliability models.Table E.2 Impact on wear‐out reliability as spare channels are added to VCSE...Table E.3 Superset of tests from Telcordia, JEDEC, and AECQ qualification te...
10 Appendix FTable F.1 IEC classification of lasers.Table F.2 MPE formulas for lasers between 700 and 1050 nm.
11 Appendix GTable G.1 Laser display development history and events.Table G.2 Categorization of displays [6].Table G.3 Laser display and semiconductor laser.
12 Appendix HTable H.1 Summary of current POF‐based fiber networking standards.
13 Appendix JTable J.4.1 Summary of key performance parameters/characteristics of PDs [Ba...
List of Illustrations
1 Chapter 1Figure 1.1 Schematic of a vertical‐cavity surface‐emitting laser (VCSEL)....Figure 1.2 Schematic of semiconductor lasers (a) Edge‐emitting laser (EEL). ...Figure 1.3 Voltage–current (V–I) characteristic of a p‐n junction with no in...Figure 1.4 Double heterostructure laser. (a) The carrier densities of electr...Figure 1.5 Quantum well structure with separate optical confinement. (a) The...Figure 1.6 Population distribution of electrons and holes in semiconductor w...Figure 1.7 Optical gain of semiconductor vs. energy.Figure 1.8 Schematic of edge‐emitting Fabry‐Pérot lasers and VCSELs. The cou...Figure 1.9 Fabry‐Pérot cavity and resonant spectra. (a) Fabry‐Pérot cavity. ...Figure 1.10 The manufacturing processes of edge‐emitting lasers.Figure 1.11 The manufacturing and testing processes of VCSELs.Figure 1.12 A fully processed VCSEL layer structure on 6″ (150 mm) GaAs subs...Figure 1.13 Stages of VCSEL development. The inset figure shows the sketch o...Figure 1.14 The first demonstration of a surface‐emitting laser.Figure 1.15 Initial VCSELs achieving room‐temperature continuous operation. Figure