VCSEL Industry. Babu Dayal Padullaparthi
in VCSELs.Figure 1.17 VCSEL‐based optical communication and sensing systems.Figure 1.18 Published papers on VCSEL.Figure 1.19 Application fields of VCSEL market as of 2021; data taken from v...Figure 1.20 The modified hype cycle of VCSEL industrialization.Figure 1.21 Total addressable market of VCSELs at module levels till 2025....
2 Chapter 2Figure 2.1 Cross section of an oxide‐confined VCSEL showing the basic compon...Figure 2.2 Energy band diagram of a 60 Å GaAs QW showing the quantum wells (...Figure 2.3 (a) Optical gain (cm−1) for a 60 Å GaAs quantum well with N...Figure 2.4 Simplified schematic of a DBR mirror showing the reflections from...Figure 2.5 (a) Power reflectivity for 10, 20, 30, and 40 periods of a DBR mi...Figure 2.6 Light output as a function of current with the threshold current,...Figure 2.7 Forward voltage as a function of current with the series resistan...Figure 2.8 Plot of the electric field and index of refraction of a typical V...Figure 2.9 Optical emission spectra from a single‐mode VCSEL showing SMSR = ...Figure 2.10 (a) Optical emission spectrum of a multimode oxide isolated VCSE...Figure 2.11 Measured L‐I characteristic of a polarization‐controlled VCSEL w...Figure 2.12 Measured far‐field beam profile of a 25 Gbps VCSEL at I = 1, 3, ...Figure 2.13 Measured modulation transfer function (triangles), the intrinsic...Figure 2.14 Measured modulation transfer function of a typical VCSEL capable...Figure 2.15 Light output and forward voltage as a function of current at tem...Figure 2.16 Extracted performance metrics from Figure 2.15 as a function of ...Figure 2.17 Thermal response of a VCSEL active region (dashed lines) to elec...Figure 2.18 (a) Light output as a function of current for pulsewidths rangin...Figure 2.19 (a) Common top‐emitting VCSEL structure. (b) Bottom‐emitting VCS...
3 Chapter 3Figure 3.1 Core fields module‐level VCSELs market projection for the next fi...Figure 3.2 Chip demands of VCSELs for the next five years.Figure 3.3 Spine‐leaf DC architecture considerations in Cisco Systems.Figure 3.4 Typical (a) front‐ and (b) back‐facing smartphone layouts.Figure 3.5 Sources of VCSEL business attractiveness (“highway”).Figure 3.6 Fully processed 6″ (150 mm) GaAs VCSEL wafer.Figure 3.7 VCSEL demand and cost trends as a function of wafer size.Schematic 3.1 Multiple technological abilities of VCSELs.Figure 3.8 (a) PL map of GaN QWs grown on Si 8″ (200 mm) substrate. (Reprint...Figure 3.9 A schematic (a) cross section of generic, and (b) top‐views of so...Figure 3.10 (a) Etch depth sampling points and (b) its depth variation acros...Figure 3.11 Oxidation rate dependence of (a) time, (b) thickness, and (c) Al...Figure 3.12 Schematic of (a) oxidation depth as a function of Al(x) mole fra...Figure 3.13 Bathtub curve failure distribution trends of an optical componen...Schematic 3.1 Business models for III‐V opto foundries.Figure 3.14 VCSEL supply chain (with business models overlapped).Figure 3.15 Schematic of VCSEL product development or manufacturing stages f...Figure 3.16 Essential stages of cycle time during VCSEL product development....Figure 3.17 Examples of few MM and SM products.
4 Chapter 4Figure 4.1 Fixed and mobile Internet traffic in petabytes per month.Figure 4.2 Total Internet traffic (black line), Moore’s law at 1.5 years (bl...Figure 4.3 Total computing capacity (circles), the fastest (triangles), and ...Figure 4.4 (a) Fat tree or spine and leaf architecture preferred by data cen...Figure 4.5 Architecture of a modern Facebook data center [10].Figure 4.6 Typical cable carrier racks in a large data center. (a) This part...Figure 4.7 Evolution of communications standards speeds (a) Ethernet speeds ...Figure 4.8 Comparison of bandwidth density and energy per bit for some commo...Figure 4.9 Schematic of common optical interfaces used in networking equipme...Figure 4.10 Some common VCSEL‐based optical transceivers, active optical cab...Figure 4.11 (a, b) Converter for HDMI electrical to optical link extension c...Figure 4.12 Comparison of components for a VCSEL transmitter and an EEL‐base...Figure 4.13 Schematic of single, SDM, and WDM optical channels.Figure 4.14 Schematic of PAM‐2 and PAM‐4 signaling with representative optic...Figure 4.15 Schematic of a 5G network [17].Figure 4.16 Examples of some commercially available VCSELs capable of 25 Gbp...Figure 4.17 Differential gain as a function of In content in an 850 nm quant...Figure 4.18 (a) Modal gain and (b) differential gain as a function of carrie...Figure 4.19 (a) Photon lifetime as a function of etch depth into the DBR. (b...Figure 4.20 Schematic of the parasitic electrical components of a VCSEL.Figure 4.21 (a) Schematic of a photonic resonance oxide‐confined VCSEL. (b) ...Figure 4.22 (a) Schematic of a photonic resonance VCSEL defined by a photoni...Figure 4.23 Simulated S21 response and resulting eye diagrams for two differ...Figure 4.24 (a) Demonstration of equalization of the small signal response o...Figure 4.25 (a) Frequency response of a rectangular pulse (dashed line) and ...Figure 4.26 Summary of achieved data rates using PAM‐2 and PAM‐4 VCSELs [30]...Figure 4.27 Reference electrical drive signal (solid lines) and the resultin...Figure 4.28 Schematic of light transmission through graded in optical fiber ...Figure 4.29 Schematic of power launch profile in a MMF and the resulting enc...Figure 4.30 Chromatic dispersion bandwidth for OM4 MMF at 850 nm. The CD is ...Figure 4.31 (a) Junction are capacitance of a GaAs photodiode as a function ...Figure 4.32 Breakdown of power usage in a data center and the breakdown of p...Figure 4.33 Breakdown of power usage in a data center and the breakdown of p...
5 Chapter 5Figure 5.1 Three types of 3D sensing and imaging technologies object detecti...Figure 5.2 Various 3D sensing technologies, namely stereo vision, time‐of‐fl...Figure 5.3 Schematic of d‐TOF and i‐TOF.Figure 5.4 Principle of triangulation or structured light in 3D sensing/imag...Figure 5.5 Random patterns projected by commercial 3D sensors. (a) Microsoft...Figure 5.6 (a) A 3 W hexagonal VCSEL array chip for 3D sensing.(b) L‐I c...Figure 5.7 (a) Different contributions of losses in a VCSEL for reaching max...Figure 5.8 (a and b) Diffractive optical elements (DOE) diffusers and encode...Figure 5.9 VCSEL illumination module integrated with diffuser.Figure 5.10 (a) Schematic of radial transverse mode patterns overlapped with...Figure 5.11 A block diagram of 3D IR sensor module with its essential elemen...Figure 5.12 A four‐emitter VCSEL transmitter used as proximity sensor in iPh...Figure 5.13 A flip‐chip bonded 940 nm VCSEL array chip made for TOF flood il...Figure 5.14 (a) Concept of generation of distributed light or dot matrix....Figure 5.15 A 0.3 W VCSEL packaged chip from OSRAM for TOF and structured‐li...Figure 5.16 A vacuum sweeper robot from iRobot Braava m6 using structured‐li...Figure 5.17 Limited human vision perceptions and FOV.Figure 5.18 Schematic of reality‐virtuality continuum.Figure 5.19 Examples of AR‐based products: (a) smartphone and (b) smart glas...Figure 5.20 A 2.0 W VCSEL chip packaged with microlens arrays for facial rec...Figure 5.21 Market forecast for smartphones.
6 Chapter 6Figure 6.1 Classification of LiDARs for ranging applications.Figure 6.2 Concept of sensor fusion for advanced driver assistance systems (...Figure 6.3 Levels of ADAS with key functions.Figure 6.4 Automotive LiDAR detection