Dry Beans and Pulses Production, Processing, and Nutrition. Группа авторов

Dry Beans and Pulses Production, Processing, and Nutrition - Группа авторов


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is quantitatively inherited and as a result is difficult to breed for (Miklas et al. 2006), with few exceptions. Resistance to zinc deficiency is conditioned by a single dominant gene (Singh and Westermann 2002). Some QTL, with major effect, have been identified for drought tolerance (Trapp et al. 2015), but have not been exploited by breeders. Associated traits besides yield have been sought to facilitate breeding for abiotic stress tolerance. Average green normalized difference vegetation index (GNDVI) and canopy temperature from multispectral images captured by drones have been examined for differentiating bean lines for response to stress under low N and drought (Zhou et al. 2017; Sankaran et al. 2018). Pod harvest index (PHI) reflecting biomass partitioned to seed as a proportion of total pod biomass has shown strong correlations with yield under drought stress (Polania et al. 2016). Seedling root architecture also showed significant association with yield in some stress environments (Strock et al. 2019). Whether any of these associated traits will supplant yield for selection for abiotic stress tolerance in breeding programs remains to be determined.

      Advances in plant breeding drive agronomic change. This has been observed with the green revolution in parts of Asia (Peng et al. 2010), mechanization of processing tomato, and pickle cucumber harvesting in the US. In the absence of these genetic changes, agronomic or management changes would not have been possible. In dry beans, the traditional harvest method across the country was to undercut and pull bean plants at maturity, windrow these plants into larger rows, and thresh plants when dry using a pickup reel on the combine, all in separate operations. These traditional operations are costly in terms of time, equipment, fuel, and labor that prevent growers from expanding bean acreage.

Photo depicts direct combining navy beans in Michigan.

      The use of marker‐assisted breeding for SNF related traits is one way to circumvent the need to select under low N conditions. Multiple studies have been undertaken to identify QTL that enhance SNF. One study was undertaken in a black bean population that was a cross between a commercial variety Zorro and a Mexican landrace, long reported to have high SNP capacity (Chaverra and Graham 1992; Heilig et al. 2017a). GWAS studies on Andean and Middle American diversity panels both identified multiple SNF related QTL (Kamfwa et al. 2015; Oladzad et al. 2020). These studies offer potential candidates for marker‐assisted breeding.

      In the US, canned bean products represent a major segment of the dry bean market. As a ready‐to‐eat food, canned beans offer a convenient alternative to home preparation of dry beans, which require long cooking times. The value of canned bean products in the US in 2020 was $2.5 billion. This is 13% of the canned food market value and 82% of US dry bean dollars is associated with canned products (Nielsen Consumer LLC). For a dry bean variety to be commercially successful it must meet industry standards for processing quality and bean breeders have incorporated canning quality as a trait for improvement. A comparison of canning quality characteristics in five historically important navy bean varieties released from 1915 to 2008 revealed no difference in visual appearance of the canned beans, underscoring the importance of this trait (Butler and Cichy 2011).

Photos depict canned beans with differences in processing quality: (a) Navy beans with many splits and poor processing quality; (b) Navy bean with acceptable processing quality; (c) Black bean that appears brown following processing; and (d) Black bean that maintains black color following processing.
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