Dry Beans and Pulses Production, Processing, and Nutrition. Группа авторов

Dry Beans and Pulses Production, Processing, and Nutrition - Группа авторов


Скачать книгу
component trait associations across a north–south cline. Nature Genetics 52: 118–125.

      134 Zaidi, S.S.A, Mahas A., Vanderschuren H., Mahfouz, M.M. (2020). Engineering crops of the future: CRISPR approaches to develop climate‐resilient and disease‐resistant plants. Genome Biology 21: 1–19.

      135 Zhou, J., Khot, L.R., Boydston, R.A., Miklas, P.N. & Porter, L. (2017). Low altitude remote sensing technologies for crop stress monitoring: a case study on spatial and temporal monitoring of irrigated pinto bean. Precision Agriculture 19: 555–569.

      Mark A. Uebersax Carlos Urrea and Muhammad Siddiq

        Introduction

        Commercial market classes of common beans

        Physiology of common bean seed Structural and anatomical features of bean seed Seed coat Cotyledon Embryo

        Characteristics of seed size and shape

        Seed coat pigmentation and color

        USDA standards for common beans and selected pulses

        Seed certification

        Summary

        References

      Common beans originated in Latin America where its wild progenitor (P. vulgaris var. mexicanus and var. aborigenous) has a wide distribution ranging from northern Mexico to northwestern Argentina (Gepts 2001; Grigolo and Fioreze 2018; Centeno‐González et al. 2021). Secondary centers of diversification are East Africa and Europe, since the Phaseolus beans were introduced by Spaniards and Portuguese in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries (Westphal 1974; Asfaw et al. 2009; Angioi et al. 2010).

Map shows dry beans dispersal and trade routes.

      Source: Adapted from Schuchert (2020) and Kelly (2020).

      Peas, lentils, fava, and garbanzo beans originated within the Middle East and western regions of Asia. They have been a substantial part of the diet in these regions for millennia (Ladizinsky 1979; Tanno and Willcox 2006; Singh 2017). These bean types were traded along both the Eastern and Western trade routes resulting in general distribution throughout all of Europe and subsequently introduced to North America. Mung beans are commonly recognized to have originated from the Indian subcontinent of Asia (Prasad et al. 2016). These beans received broad‐based usage throughout South East Asian regions. Further, a diverse class of cowpeas (i.e., vigna, termed gram) were similarly domesticated in India and subsequently fully adopted within Africa.

Schematic illustration of selected dry beans and pulses in Fabaceae family.

      A comprehensive classification of Phaseolus has been prepared in a definitive monograph (Freytag and Debouck 2002). The genus Phaseolus also contains five domesticated species: in decreasing order of importance, common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), lima bean (P. lunatus L.), runner bean (P. coccineus L.), tepary bean (P. acutifolius A. Gray), and year bean (P. polyanthus Greenman). Each has distinct adaptations and reproductive systems: mesic and temperate, predominantly self‐pollinated; warm and humid, predominantly self‐pollinated; hot and dry, cleistogamous; cool and humid, outcrossing; and cool and humid, outcrossing, respectively (Gepts 2001).

      Food legumes traditionally refer to those species that are consumed directly in the human diet as mature dry seeds but occasionally as immature green seeds or as green pods with the immature seeds enclosed. They do not include species that provide leaf or stem tissues that are used as cooked or uncooked greens, and they also exclude oil‐bearing legumes [(e.g., soybeans (Glycine max (L.) Merr.)] and those used for forage and pasture [e.g., alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), clover (different species belonging to the genus Trifolium L.), etc.] (Calles, 2016). An alternative term for the edible seeds of leguminous plants is “pulse,” from the Latin puls, meaning pottage.

      The descriptive


Скачать книгу